Research Article |
Corresponding author: Lionel Monod ( lionel.monod@ville-ge.ch ) Academic editor: Martin Husemann
© 2019 Lionel Monod, Nadine Duperre, Danilo Harms.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Monod L, Duperre N, Harms D (2019) An annotated catalogue of the scorpion types (Arachnida, Scorpiones) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg. Part I: Parvorder Iurida Soleglad & Fet, 2003. Evolutionary Systematics 3(2): 109-200. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.3.37464
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Scorpions have always inspired fear and fascination because of the potency of their venoms. Although this ancient arachnid group is relatively small (ca. 2400 species) and has been continuously studied for the past century, the taxonomy is still in a state of flux and the correct identification of species often remains difficult. With more than 725 species and 9000 specimens, the Zoological Museum in Hamburg (ZMH) holds one of the largest and most significant scorpion collections in the world. This collection also contains many historical types described by Karl Kraepelin in the early 20th century. In order to contribute to a more stable scorpion taxonomy and to assist future scorpion researchers, we present an illustrated and annotated catalogue of the ZMH scorpion collections. The type specimens of 89 species belonging to 10 families are documented, imaged and assessed alongside their primary data. For practical reasons, only the taxa belonging to the parvorder Iurida Soleglad et Fet, 2003 are presented here whilst the Parvorder Buthida Soleglad et Fet, 2003 will be catalogued in a second publication.
arachnology, Karl Kraepelin, systematics, taxonomy, type catalogue
The inventory of life on Earth is founded on taxonomy, the science of describing, naming and classifying species. Being able to correctly recognize an organism is a prerequisite to study the diversification of living forms through time. Taxonomy thus represents the primary tool used in the broader practice of systematics. Large reference collections of specimens are of paramount importance for both disciplines. They are required to confirm the status of new species by comparison with those that are already known, but also to infer species distributions, and to assess changes in species abundances and range shifts through time series (
A major problem with old collections such as the one treated here is the inadequacy of early taxonomic descriptions and accompanying data to fulfill current-day standards. The lack of proper illustrations and/or measurements often limits the usefulness of these descriptions and the original material needs to be re-examined and re-described by present-day authors as part of taxonomic revisions. Moreover, a century ago the principle of type designation had not yet been implemented and the original descriptions often lack critical information on which specimens of a given series were used as reference, as well as information on the origin and repository of these specimens. Finally, locality data for old museum specimens are often highly imprecise with minimal geographical information. Still, the maps produced at the time during major scientific expeditions were often quite accurate and can be georeferenced a posteriori allowing the assessment of locality data with high precision. However, such maps are not always available.
All problems highlighted above are evident when working with the scorpion material held by the Zoological Museum in Hamburg (
Here, we provide an illustrated type catalogue of the scorpion collection present at the Zoological Museum in Hamburg. This work offers a complete inventory of the type species, type specimens within each series, high-resolution images for type specimens, and annotated notes on the primary data. A special effort was made to determine type localities with as much accuracy as possible by finding information on collectors or expeditions during which the material was obtained. This catalogue is aiming to stabilize the taxonomy in a group where species descriptions go back to Carl Linnaeus but current classification systems are still in flux. For reasons of manageability, our catalogue will be published in two parts. The current catalogue treats the taxa belonging to the parvorder Iurida Soleglad & Fet 2003. A second publication will focus entirely on the Parvorder Buthida Soleglad & Fet 2003.
The core of the Hamburg scorpion collection was accumulated by Karl Matthias Friedrich Magnus Kraepelin (1848–1915; Karl Kraepelin hereafter; Fig.
Karl Kraepelin and his works A portrait of Kraepelin B title page of the
Kraepelin’s work was internationally recognized and he became an expert on Gliederspinnen (“Segmented spiders”), a general term then applied to scorpions (Scorpiones), whip scorpions (Uropygi), whip spiders (Amblypygi) and camel spiders (Solifugae). He published extensively on these groups and his most significant works are complete taxonomic inventories of these orders in “Scorpiones and Pedipalpi” (
Kraepelin was particularly fond of scorpions and, aside from these monographs, published 25 research papers on this order (Table
Other workers have contributed to the development of this scorpion collection during the first third of the 20th century. Kraepelin was in contact with fellow arachnologist Eugène Simon (1848–1924) from the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris and the two exchanged material quite frequently. None of the original correspondence have been preserved and there is no documentation on when this exchange has occurred, but some type series of scorpions and spiders are split between Paris and Hamburg and it appears that Kraepelin would send spiders from the Hamburg collection to Simon for taxonomic description (
Similarly, Ferdinand Karsch (1853–1936) from the Zoological Museum in Berlin and Kraepelin must have exchanged material, as we have documented before in a catalogue on the solifuges of the Hamburg collection (
Work on the scorpion collections after World War II was slow to resume because subsequent curators focused on mites and tardigrades but the collection was frequented by visiting scientists and many loans to other institutions occurred over the decades. Wilson R. Lourenço from the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris described twelve new species from the existing collections but also donated several type specimens that he acquired personally. František Kovařík from the Czech Republic inventoried the entire collection and examined some old type specimens as part of his catalogues (
In its current state, the collection has a biogeographical focus on the African and Australasian regions. The specimens from Africa were collected mostly as part of zoological surveys in former German colonies, e.g. Carlo Freiherr von Erlangen (1872–1904) and Oscar Neumann (1867–1946) explored northeastern Africa from 1899 to 1901 (the former “Massailand” between northern Tanzania and southern Kenya), and Leonhard Schulze (1872–1955) visited “Namaland” (today part of Namibia) in southwestern Africa from 1903 to 1905. Several other large expeditions contributed to increase the scorpion collection of the
The research papers published by Karl Krapelin on scorpions, the new species described within, and their current status. English translations for original research articles in German language are given in square brackets. Species in bold have been synonymised since their original description. * Species treated within this paper.
Year / name of publication | Original species and page of description | Valid species and current classification |
---|---|---|
1891: Revision der Skorpione. I. Die Familie der Androctonidae [Revision of scorpions. I. The family Androctonidae] (Kraepelin, 1891b) | 1. Centrurus thorellii: p. 124 | 1. Centruroides thorellii (Kraepelin, 1891) |
1894: Revision der Scorpione. II. Scorpionidae und Bothriuridae [Revision of scorpions. II. Scorpionidae und Bothriuridae] (Kraepelin, 1894) | 1. Scorpio arabicus: p. 58. | 1. Pandiborellius arabicus (Kraepelin, 1894)* |
2. Scorpio pallidus*: p. 60. | 2. Pandinurus pallidus (Kraepelin, 1894)* | |
3. Opisthophthalmus intermedius*: p. 89 | 3. Opistophthalmus intermedius Kraepelin, 1894* | |
4. Opisthophthalmus pictus*: p. 102 | 4. Opistophthalmus pictus Kraepelin, 1894* | |
5. Opistacanthus madagascariensis*: p. 125 | 5. Opisthacanthus madagascariensis Kraepelin, 1894* | |
6. Bothriurus burmeisteri*: p. 227 | 6. Bothriurus burmeisteri Kraepelin, 1894* | |
1895: Nachtrag zu Theil I der Revision der Scorpione [Supplement to Part I of the revision of scorpions] (Kraepelin, 1895a) | 1. Tityus paraguayensis: p. 19 | 1. Tityus paraguayensis Kraepelin, 1895* |
2. Tityus bolivianus: p. 21 | 2. Tityus bolivianus Kraepelin, 1895* | |
1896: Neue und weniger bekannte Skorpione [New and less well-known scorpions] (Kraepelin, 1896b) | 1. Archisometrus braueri: p. 123 | 1. Lychas braueri (Kraepelin, 1896) |
2. Babycurus gigas: p. 124 | 2. Babycurus gigas Kraepelin, 1896 | |
3. Babycurus neglectus: p. 125 (ex: Rhoptrurus dentatus Karsch, 1879; misident. in Kraepelin 1891: p. 63) | 3. Babycurus kirki (Pocock, 1890) | |
4. Tityus ecuadorensis: p.127 | 4. Tityus ecuadorensis Kraepelin, 1896 | |
5. Tityus paraensis: p. 129 | 5. Tityus obscurus (Gervais, 1843) | |
6. Diplocentrus hasethi*: p. 130 | 6. Didymocentrus hasethi (Kraepelin, 1896)* | |
7. Heteromerus boehmei: p. 131 (misspelling) | 7. Opistophthalmus boehmi (Kraepelin, 1896) | |
8. Cheloctonus glaber*: p. 134 | 8. Cheloctonus glaber Kraepelin, 1896* | |
9. Hadogenes opisthacanthoides*: p. 136 | 9. Heteroscorpion opisthacanthoides (Kraepelin, 1896)* | |
10. Heterochactas wittii*: p. 141 | 10. Teuthraustes wittii (Kraepelin, 1896)* | |
1897: Scorpiones und Thelyphoniden [Scorpiones and Thelyphonida] (Kraepelin, 1897b) | No new species. | – |
1898: Neue Pedipalpen und Skorpione des Hamburger Museums [New Pedipalpi and scorpions of the Hamburg Museum] (Kraepelin, 1898a) | 1. Microbuthus pusillus: p. 42 | 1. Microbuthus pusillus Kraepelin, 1898 |
2. Butheolus ferrugineus: p. 43 | 2. Neobuthus ferrugineus (Kraepelin, 1908) | |
3. Archisometrus nigrimanus: p. 43 | 3. Lychas scutilus C. L. Koch, 1845 | |
4. Tityus trivittatus: p. 43 | 4. Tityus trivittatus Kraepelin, 1898 | |
5. Centrurus subgranosus: p. 44 | 5. Centruroides vittatus (Say, 1821) | |
6. Scorpiops affinis*: p. 44 | 6. Scorpiops hardwickii (Gervais, 1843)* | |
1898: Die Skorpione Ost-Afrikas [The scorpions of eastern Africa] (Kraepelin, 1898b) | No new species. | – |
1898: Über die Linné’schen Arten der Gattung Scorpio [About the Linnaean species of the genus Scorpio] (Kraepelin, 1898c) | No new species. | – |
1899: Scorpiones und Pedipalpi [Scorpiones and Pedipalpi] (Kraepelin, 1899a) | No new species. | – |
1900: Ueber einige neue Gliederspinnen [Remarks on some new segmented spiders] (Kraepelin, 1900) | 1. Anomalobuthus rickmersi: p. 10 | 1. Anomalobuthus rickmersi Kraepelin, 1900 |
2. Buthus maindroni: p. 11 | 2. Compsobuthus maindroni (Kraepelin, 1900) | |
3. Grosphus grandidieri: p. 13 | 3. Teruelius grandidieri (Kraepelin, 1900) | |
4. Grosphus flavopiceus: p.14 | 4. Teruelius flavopiceus (Kraepelin, 1900) | |
5. Grosphus bistriatus: p.14 | 5. Teruelius bistriatus (Kraepelin, 1900) | |
6. Grosphus hirtus: p. 15 | 6. Grosphus hirtus Kraepelin, 1900 | |
7. Hemiscorpius maindroni*: p. 16 | 7. Hemiscorpius maindroni Kraepelin, 1900* | |
8. Syntropis macrura: p. 17 | 8. Syntropis macrura Kraepelin, 1900 | |
1901: Catalogue des scorpions des collections du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris [Catalogue of the scorpions from the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris] (Kraepelin, 1901e) | No new species. | – |
1901: Uber die durch den Schiffsverkehr in Hamburg eingeschleppten Tiere [About animals introduced by the shipping traffic in Hamburg] (Kraepelin, 1901b) | No new species. | – |
1903: Scorpione und Solifugen Nordost-Afrikas, gesammelt 1900 und 1901 von Carlo Freiherrn von Erlanger und Oscar Neumann [Scorpions and solifuges from northeastern Africa, collected in 1900 and 1901 by Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger and Oscar Neumann] (Kraepelin, 1903b) | 1. Butheolus glabrifrons: p. 564 | 1. Orthochirus glabrifrons Kraepelin, 1903 |
1904: Zur Nomenklatur der Skorpione und Pedipalpi [On the nomenclature of scorpions and Pedipalpi] (Kraepelin, 1904) | No new species. | – |
1905: Die geografische Verbreitung der Skorpione [The geographical distribution of scorpions] (Kraepelin, 1905) | No new species. | – |
1908: Scorpiones [Scorpiones] (Kraepelin, 1908c) | 1. Urodacus hartmeyeri*: p. 99 | 1. Urodacus hartmeyeri Kraepelin, 1908* |
2. Cercophonius michaelseni*: p. 102 | 2. Cercophonius michaelseni Kraepelin, 1908* | |
3. Cercophonius granulosus*: p. 103 | 3. Cercophonius granulosus Kraepelin, 1908* | |
4. Cercophonius sulcatus*: p. 103 | 4. Cercophonius sulcatus Kraepelin, 1908* | |
1908: Skorpione und Solifugen [Scorpions and solifuges] (Kraepelin, 1908d) | 1. Uroplectes carinatus mediostriatus: p. 257 | 1. Uroplectes carinatus (Pocock, 1890) |
2. Opisthophthalmus schultzei*: p.262 | 2. Opistophthalmus schultzei Kraepelin, 1908* | |
3. Opisthophthalmus undulatus*: p. 263 | 3. Opistophthalmus schultzei Kraepelin, 1908* | |
4. Opisthophthalmus intercedens*: p. 265 | 4. Opistophthalmus intercedens Kraepelin, 1908* | |
1908: Die sekundären Geschlechtscharaktere der Skorpione, Pedipalpen und Solifugen [The secondary sexual characters of scorpions, pedipalpi and solifuges] (Kraepelin, 1908b) | No new species. | – |
1911: Neue Beiträge zur Systematik der Gliederspinnen [New contributions to the systematics of segmented spiders] (Kraepelin, 1911) | 1. Tityus bocki: p. 65 | 1. Tityus argentinus Borelli, 1899 |
2. Tityus bolivianus andinus: p. 66 | 2. Tityus argentinus Borelli, 1899 | |
3. Tityus bolivianus soratensis: p. 68 | 3. Tityus soratensis Kraepelin, 1911 | |
4. Centruoides koesteri: p. 72 | 4. Centruoides koesteri Kraepelin, 1911 | |
5. Opisthacanthus fischeri*: p. 79 | 5. Opisthacanthus rugiceps Pocock, 1897 | |
6. Opisthacanthus minor*: p. 79 | 6. Opisthacanthus validus Thorell, 1876 | |
7. Opisthacanthus aequispinus*: p. 80 | 7. Opisthacanthus diremptus (Karsch, 1879) | |
8. Opisthacanthus obscurus*: p. 81 | 8. Opisthacanthus capensis Thorell, 1876 | |
9. Opisthacanthus transvaalicus*: p. 82 | 9. Opisthacanthus validus Thorell, 1876 | |
10. Vejovis minimus*: p. 83 | 10. Catalinia minima (Kraepelin, 1911)* | |
11. Bothriurus flavidus*: p. 92 | 11. Bothriurus flavidus Kraepelin, 1911* | |
12. Bothriurus bocki*: p. 96 | 12. Bothriurus bocki Kraepelin, 1911* | |
13. Bothriurus curvidigitus*: p. 97 | 13. Orobothriurus curvidigitus (Kraepelin, 1911)* | |
14. Bothriurus paessleri*: p. 98 | 14. Orobothriurus paessleri (Kraepelin, 1911)* | |
1912: Neue Beiträge zur Systematik der Gliederspinnen. II. Chactinae (Scorpiones) [New contributions to the systematics of segmented spiders. II. Chactinae (Scorpiones)] (Kraepelin, 1912b) | 1. Chactas setosus*: p. 62 | 1. Chactas setosus Kraepelin, 1912* |
2. Chactas gestroi: p. 69 | 2. Chactas gestroi Kraepelin, 1912 | |
3. Teuthraustes ohausi*: p. 77 | 3. Teuthraustes ohausi Kraepelin, 1912* | |
4. Teuthraustes glaber: p. 80 | 4. Teuthraustes glaber Kraepelin, 1912* | |
5. Chactopsis insignis: p. 87 | 5. Chactopsis insignis Kraepelin, 1912 | |
1913: Neue Beiträge zur Systematik der Gliederspinnen. III. A. Bemerkungen zur Skorpionenfauna Indiens. B. Die Skorpione, Pedipalpen und Solifugen Deutsch-Ostafrikas [New contributions to the systematics of segmented spiders. III. The scorpions, Pedipalpi and solifuges of German East Africa.] (Kraepelin, 1913b) | 1. Chaerilus assamensis: p. 144 | 1. Chaerilus assamensis Kraepelin, 1913 |
2. Chaerilus granifrons: p. 147 | 2. Chaerilus truncatus Karsch, 1879 | |
3. Chaerilus hirsti: p. 150 | 3. Chaerilus truncatus Karsch, 1879 | |
4. Lychas obsti: p. 175 | 4. Lychas obsti Kraepelin, 1913 | |
5. Lychas asper var. obscurus: p. 175 | 5. Lychas asper (Pocock, 1891) | |
6. Uroplectes fischeri nigrocarinatus: p. 179 | 6. Uroplectes fischeri nigrocarinatus Kraepelin, 1913 | |
7. Babycurus wituensis: p. 181 | 7. Babycurus wituensis Kraepelin, 1913 | |
1914: Skorpione und Solifugae [Scorpions and solifuges] (Kraepelin, 1914b) | No new species. | – |
1914: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Skorpione und Pedipalpen Columbiens [Contributions to the knowledge of scorpions and Pedipalpi in Colombia] (Kraepelin, 1914c) | 1. Tityus fuhrmanni: p. 17 | 1. Tityus fuehrmanni Kraepelin, 1914 |
2. Tityus parvulus: p. 19 | 2. Tityus parvulus: Kraepelin, 1914 | |
3. Chactas reticulatus: p. 25 | 3. Chactas reticulatus: Kraepelin, 1914 * | |
1914: Die Skorpione und Pedipalpen von Neu-Caledonien und den benachbarten Inselgruppen [The scorpions and Pedipalpi of New Caledonia and adjacent islands] (Kraepelin, 1914d) | 1. Hormurus karschi keyensis*: 331 | 1. Hormurus karschii Keyserling, 1885 |
2. Hormurus sarasini*: p. 335 | 2. Hormurus neocaledonicus Simon, 1877 | |
3. Hormurus papuanus*: p. 333 | 3. Hormurus papuanus Kraepelin, 1914 | |
4. Hormurus boholiensis*: p. 333 | 4. Hormurus boholiensis Kraepelin, 1914* | |
1916: Scolopendriden und Skorpione [Scolopenders and scorpions] (Kraepelin, 1916) | 1. Lychas mjobergi: p. 25 (note spelling as mjöbergi = oe) | 1. Lychas mjobergi Kraepelin, 1916 |
2. Lychas marmoreus obscurus: p. 27 | 2. Lychas marmoreus (C. L. Koch, 1844) | |
3. Lychas marmoreus nigrescens: p. 27 | 3. Lychas marmoreus (C. L. Koch, 1844) | |
4. Lychas marmoreus kimberleyanus: p. 28 | 4. Lychas variatus (Thorell, 1876) | |
5. Lychas marmoreus splendens: p. 28 | 5. Lychas marmoreus (C. L. Koch, 1844) | |
6. Lychas spinatus: p. 33 | 6. Lychas variatus (Thorell, 1876) | |
7. Urodacus fossor*: p. 36 | 7. Urodacus yaschenkoi (Birula, 1903) | |
8. Urodacus granifrons*: p. 39 | 8. Urodacus yaschenkoi (Birula, 1903) | |
1929: Skorpione, Pedipalpen und Solifugen der zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1910–1911 [Scorpions, Pedipalpi and solifuges of the second German expedition to central Africa 1910–1911] (Kraepelin, 1929) | 1. Uroplectes schubotzi: p. 89 | 1. Uroplectes schubotzi Kraepelin, 1929 |
All specimens at
The primary data for most specimens were derived from the original label and a handwritten type-catalogue for scorpions maintained by Kraepelin (Fig.
There is currently no online catalogue for scorpions that is updated periodically and we refer to
The catalogue is organized according to the classification proposed by Santibañez López et al. (2019) with the family Heteroscorpionidae considered here as part of Iurida given their close relationship to non-bothriurid scorpionoid taxa. Families, genera and species are presented alphabetically. Species are listed with their complete original binomial name, and classify under the genus in which they are currently placed. All specimens previously considered as types were re-examined for this study and their status clarified. In a few cases, type status was invalidated but such specimens are still reported here and our decision justified. Finally, a complete alphabetical list of taxon names (species and subspecies) is given in Appendix
For every taxon name, the following information is provided: (1) the genus under which the species was originally described; (2) the reference of the original description; (3) the current taxonomic identity with reference to the act of synonymy or taxonomic status change when applicable; and (4) the list of specimens with primary data (type status of specimens, number and sex of specimens, depository, locality, date of collection, name of collector) in the original wording whilst interpretations/translations are given in square brackets (e.g. Type locality: Namibien, Lüderitzbucht [Namibia, Lüderitz Bay]). When not provided in the original labels, GPS coordinates are presented in square brackets. In these cases, they were retrieved from gazeteers of geographic names or inferred from the original travel maps when available. They are not provided for imprecise localities: for several specimens the only indication on the labels is the country they come from (for instance Bothriurus burmeisteri from Argentina). Additional information may be provided concerning taxonomy, repository, and/or type status. Finally, biographical information about the collector with references to their relevant expeditions is also provided when available.
The following abbreviations are used in the listing of primary data: (1) “coll.” for collection or collected; “ded.” for the latin deditus (participle of dedere [to hand over]), it specifies when a specimen was acquired; “don.” for the latin donat (conjugation of donare [to give], third person singular), it specifies a donator; “leg.” for the latin legit (conjugation of legere [to collect], third person singular), it specifies a collector.
Specimen imaging was achieved using a custom-made BK Plus lab System by Dun, Inc. with integrated Canon camera, macro lens (65mm and 100mm) and the Zerene stacking software (Zeren Systems LLC 2018). Whenever possible, the dorsal and ventral aspects of male and female habitus are illustrated. We also provide photographs of the chelal fingers for the family Hormuridae, Scorpiopidae and some chactid genera because the intergeneric and interspecific variations of the characters are taxonomically relevant, at least in parts of these families (
Type specimens belonging to 14 species are present at
Bothriurus bocki Kraepelin, 1911: 91, 96–97, fig. 6
Bothriurus bocki Kraepelin, 1911
Subadult ♂ (Fig.
Subadult ♂ (
Remarks on collector. Charles Bock (1923–?) was a mining engineer who traveled to Bolivia and Argentina (
Bothriurus burmeisteri Kraepelin, 1894: 227–228, pl. III, fig. 104, 106
Bothriurus burmeisteri Kraepelin, 1894.
♂ (Fig.
Subadult ♀, same data as holotype.
Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister (1807–1892) was a professor of zoology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg from 1837 to 1961 before he moved to Argentina and was appointed director of the National Museum in Buenos Aires. Before this appointment, he traveled to Uruguay and Argentina in late 1856 and returned with zoological collections to Germany (
Bothriurus catharinae Werner, 1939: 359–360, fig. 2
Bothriurus signatus Pocock, 1893 [synonymized by
Male and female syntypes destroyed according to
Wilhelm Ehrhardt (1860–1936?) was a professional collector and taxidermist. He emigrated permanently from Hamburg in 1897 and moved to the state of Santa Catharina in South Brazil. For many years, he collected important series of vertebrate and invertebrate specimens on behalf of numerous museums and scientific institutions in Europe, e.g. the British Museum of Natural History London (
Bothriurus flavidus Kraepelin, 1911: 89, 92–93, fig. 5
Bothriurus flavidus Kraepelin, 1911
(Fig.
(Fig.
As type material,
Bothriurus bonariensis maculatus Kraepelin, 1911: 89
Bothriurus maculatus Kraepelin, 1911
Subadult ♂ (
Bothriurus bonariensis trivittatus Werner, 1939: 358
Bothriurus trivittatus Werner, 1939
(Fig.
1 ♂ (Fig.
1 subadult ♂, 1 ♀ (
Telegonus politus L. Koch, 1867: 234–235
Brachistosternus ehrenbergii (Gervais, 1841) [synonymized by
♀ (
The Museum Godeffroy was a private museum in Hamburg that existed between 1861–1885. Most arachnid specimens from its collections were integrated into the
Brazilobothriurus pantanalensis Lourenço & Monod, 2000: 146–151, figs 1–4, 7–14
Brazilobothriurus pantanalensis Lourenço & Monod, 2000
1 ♂ (Fig.
The holotype and three paratypes are deposited in the
Bothriurus titschacki Werner, 1939: 358–359, fig. 1
Centromachetes titschacki (Werner,1939)
(Fig.
2 ♂ (
6 ♂, 1 ♀ (
Richard Paessler (1886–1920) was a ship’s captain, working for the firm Kosmos (
Cercophonius granulosus Kraepelin, 1908c: 102–103
Cercophonius granulosus Kraepelin, 1908
♀ (Fig.
♀ (
J. Wilhelm Michaelsen (1860–1937) was a curator at the
Cercophonius michaelseni Kraepelin, 1908c: 102–103
Cercophonius michaelseni Kraepelin, 1908
(Fig.
(Fig.
Cercophonius sulcatus Kraepelin, 1908c: 102–103
Cercophonius sulcatus Kraepelin, 1908
(Fig.
(Fig.
Bothriurus curvidigitus Kraepelin, 1911: 91, 97–98, fig. 7
Orobothriurus curvidigitus (Kraepelin, 1911)
♂ (Fig.
Subadult ♀ (
Bothriurus paessleri Kraepelin, 1911: 91, 98–99, figs 8–9
Orobothriurus paessleri (Kraepelin, 1911)
(Fig.
(Fig.
See paragraph on Centromachetes titschacki Werner, 1939 above.
Cercophonius himalayensis Lourenço, 1996: 87–89
Phoniocercus sanmartini Cekalovic, 1968 [synonymyized by
♂ (
Type specimens belonging to eight species are present at
Broteochactas parvulus Pocock, 1897b: 364–366
Broteochactas parvulus Pocock, 1897
♀ (
Iomachus exsul Werner, 1939: 360, fig. 3
Chactas exsul (Werner, 1939)
Data according to original description: ♂ Costa Rica, [Limón], Ebene von Limon [plains of Puerto Limón], bei Las Mercedes [near Las Mercedes] [10°10’32”N, 83°36’41”W], 10–30 m über dem Meere [10–30 m alt.], 12–30 km vom Atlantik [12–30 km from the coast], Siguires, in Bohrlöchern [in boreholes].
According to
Scorpio (Chactas) fuchsii Berthold, 1846: 60–62
Chactas vanbenedenii (Gervais, 1843) [Synonymized by
(Fig.
(Fig.
A label in the jar mentions “Chactas vanbenedenii (Gervais), Original-Exemplar zu Chactas fuchsii Berthold Kraepelin”, confirming that these two specimens are the original series examined by Berthold (1946). The male is designated here as lectotype and the female is a paralectotype.
Chactas lepturus intermedius Kraepelin, 1912b: 64, 67
Chactas lepturus Thorell, 1876 [Synonymized by Lourenço 1997h: 84–85]
(Fig.
2 ♀, 1 subadult ♂ (Fig.
Otto Fuhrmann (1871–1945) was a Swiss parasitologist specializing in helminthology (
Chactas lepturus major Kraepelin, 1912b: 67
Chactas major Kraepelin, 1912 [elevated to species status by
♀ (
See paragraph on Chactas lepturus intermedius above.
Chactas ozendai Lourenço, 1999: 127, 129, figs. 8–10
Chactas ozendai Lourenço, 1999 [Chactidae]
♂ (
Chactas reticulatus Kraepelin, 1912b: 64–66 [Chactas]
Chactas reticulatus Kraepelin, 1912
(Fig.
(Fig.
Chactas setosus Kraepelin, 1912b: 59–60, 62–64
Chactas setosus Kraepelin, 1912
1 ♂ (Fig.
Chactas amazonicus Simon, 1880b: 384–386
Teuthraustes amazonicus (Simon, 1880)
♂ (
According to
Teuthraustes ohausi Kraepelin, 1912b: 77–78
Teuthraustes ohausi Kraepelin, 1912
♂ (
Friedrich Ohaus (1864–1946) was a renowned entomologist who published more than 170 publications on beetles (
Chactas amazonicus Simon, 1880 [= Teuthraustes amazonicus (Simon, 1880)], male syntype (A–C). Teuthraustes ohausi Kraepelin, 1912, male holotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B), 5 mm (D–E), 1 mm (C, F).
Heterochactas wittii Kraepelin, 1896b: 141–144, fig. 23–25
Teuthraustes witti (Kraepelin, 1896)
(Fig.
1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Fig.
One male is designated as lectotype, the remaining specimens are paralectotypes.
Heterochactas wittii Kraepelin, 1896 [= Teuthraustes witti (Kraepelin, 1896)], male lectotype (A–C), female paralectotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (D–E), 5 mm (A–B, F), 1 mm (C).
One type specimen is present at
Diplocentrus hasethi Kraepelin, 1896b: 130–131, fig. 11
Didymocentrus hasethi (Kraepelin, 1896)
♀ (
C. G. de Haseth also collected insects, spiders, millipedes and crabs from Curaçao that he sent to the Hamburg Museum (
Type specimens belonging to three species are present at
Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861a: 426–427
Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861
1 ♂ (Fig.
Hemiscorpius maindroni Kraepelin, 1900: 16
Hemiscorpius maindroni Kraepelin, 1900
1 ♀ (Fig.
Many additional syntypes are present in the
Hemiscorpius somalicus Lourenço, 2011: 279–283, fig. 2–4, 6–13
Hemiscorpius somalicus Lourenço, 2011
♂ (
Type specimens belonging to two species are present at
Heteroscorpion kaii Lourenço & Goodman, 2009: 116–122, fig. 1–8 (illustration of habitus: 117)
Heteroscorpion kaii Lourenço & Goodman, 2009
♀ (
Hadogenes opisthacanthoides Kraepelin, 1896b: 136–138, fig. 16–18
Heteroscorpion opisthacanthoides (Kraepelin, 1896)
(Fig.
(Fig.
Some general information about the travel and collecting made by Paul Frey in Madagascar are given in
Type specimens belonging to 21 species are present at
Cheloctonus glaber Kraepelin, 1896b: 134–136, fig. 8
Cheloctonus glaber Kraepelin, 1896
(Fig.
1 subadult ♀, 2 juveniles (
Ischnurus troglodytes Peters, 1861: 513
Hadogenes troglodytes (Peters, 1861)
♀ (
According to Peters original description, the type series comprises several specimens, both males and females. The specimen present at
Cheloctonus glaber Kraepelin, 1896, female lectotype (A–C). Ischnurus troglodytes Peters, 1861 [= Hadogenes troglodytes (Peters, 1861)], female syntype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B), 20mm (D–E), 5 mm (F), 1 mm (C).
Hormurus boholiensis Kraepelin, 1914d: 333
Hormurus boholiensis Kraepelin, 1914
(Fig.
♀, same data as lectotype.
Although not mentioned on the original labels, the specimens were probably collected by Carl Gottfried Semper (1832–1893), a German malacologist who obtained a Ph.D. degree at the University of Würzburg in 1856 and continued his studies in Kiel. An inheritance from his father allowed him to pay for a seven years trip to the Philippines and Palau (1858–1865) (
Ischnurus caudicula L. Koch, 1867: 237–239
Hormurus waigiensis (Gervais, 1843) [synonymized by
Subadult ♀ (
The specimen was almost certainly collected by Amalie Dietrich (1821–1891) who was collecting in Queendland on behalf of the Godeffroy estate from 1863 to 1872. She was the only woman ever hired for such a position. Dietrich collected extensively in the wider Brisbane region after her arrival but the exact locality data remain unknown.
Hormurus karschii keyensis Kraepelin, 1914d: 331
Hormurus karschii Keyserling, 1885 [synonymized by L. E. Koch, 1977: 173]
(Fig.
(Fig.
The adult female is designated as the lectotype and the second specimen as the paralectotype.
Hugo Merton (1879–1940) was a German zoologist and Professor of Zoology at the University of Heidelberg. In 1907–1908, he conducted a zoological expedition to the Aroe and Kai Islands with Jean Roux (1876–1939), who was a Swiss zoologist from Basel (
Ischnurus neocaledonicus Simon, 1877b: 237–238
Hormurus neocaledonicus (Simon, 1877)
♀ (
Hormurus papuanus Kraepelin, 1914d: 333 [Hormurus]
Hormurus papuanus Kraepelin, 1914
(Fig.
1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Fig.
Kraepelin mentioned in the original description 23 specimens from Neu Pommern and Neu Guinea. Among this material, two specimens from Finschafen (Papua New Guinea mainland) belong to a different undescribed species and are thus not considered type specimens of H. papuanus. This new species will be described in a forthcoming paper about the genus Hormurus in Papua New Guinea (Monod et al. in prep). An additional specimen from Aru Islands was also mentioned in the original description but it is not considered here as a type. The type locality of species H. papuanus is thus restricted to the specimens collected on the SW coast of New Britain (Arawe Islands and Kandrian village).
(Paul) Georg (Egmont) Duncker (1870–1953) was a German zoologist and ichthyologist. He was employed by the Hamburg Zoological Museum in 1907 and became curator/professor in 1928. He was a member of the Hamburg Südsee-Expedition (1908–1910) in the Bismarck Archipelago and collected on behalf of the
Hormurus sarasini Kraepelin, 1914d: 332, 335–336
Hormurus neocaledonicus (Simon, 1877) [synonymized by
1 ♂ (Fig.
Most specimens of the type series are deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum zu Basel, Switzerland (NMB) (
Karl Friedrich Sarasin (1859–1942) was a Swiss zoologist and explorer. Together with his cousin Paul Benedikt Sarasin (1856–1929), he led several expeditions in Sulawesi, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Sinai and Tunisia to collect botanical, ethnographical and zoological material. He travelled to New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands with Jean Roux in 1910–1912 (
Hormurus sarasini Kraepelin, 1914 [= Hormurus neocaledonicus (Simon, 1877)], male paralectotype (A–C), female paralectotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B, D–E), 1 mm (C, F).
Iomachus laeviceps Pocock, 1890: 242–244, pl. XII, fig. 1, 1a
Iomachus laeviceps Pocock, 1890
1 ♂, 1 ♀ (
These specimens, listed by
Iomachus politus occidentalis Lourenço, 2003: 138–141, 146, fig. 1–7
Iomachus politus occidentalis Lourenço, 2003
♀ (
Hormurus australasiae brevidigitatus Werner, 1936: 190
Liocheles australasiae (Sundevall, 1775) [synonymized by
♀ (
Hans Winkler (1877–1945) was a German botanist who first coined the term «genome» from the combination of the words «gene» and «chromosome» (
Opisthacanthus (Monodopisthacanthus) andohahela Lourenço, 2014a: 181–185, figs 5–19 (with illustration of habitus)
Opisthacanthus (Monodopisthacanthus) andohahela Lourenço, 2014
1 ♂, 1 ♀, 3 juveniles (
The holotype and three paratypes are deposited in the
Opisthacanthus madagascariensis Kraepelin, 1894: 120, 125–126, pl. II, fig. 44, 51
Opisthacanthus (Monodopisthacanthus) madagascariensis Kraepelin, 1894
♀ (Fig.
♀ (
These specimens were probably collected by P. Frey.
Opisthacanthus aequispinus Kraepelin, 1911: 75, 80–81
Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) diremptus (Karsch, 1879) [synonymized by
1 ♂ (Fig.
Ischnurus asper Peters, 1861b: 513–514
Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) asper (Peters, 1861).
♀ (Fig.
Three syntypes from Inhambane are present in the
Opisthacanthus aequispinnus Kraepelin, 1911 [= Opisthacanthus diremptus (Karsch, 1879)], male syntype (A–C). Ischnurus asper Peters, 1861 [= Opisthacanthus asper (Peters, 1861)], female syntype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B, D–E), 5 mm (C, F).
Opisthacanthus fischeri Kraepelin, 1911: 74, 79
Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) rugiceps Pocock, 1897 [synonymized by
(Fig.
1 ♂ (
A male is designated as lectotype and the two remaining specimens as paralectotypes.
Gustav Adolf Fischer (1848–1886) was a German explorer who practiced as a military physician. In October 1882, he travelled to western Africa with the support of the Geographical Society of Hamburg (
Opisthacanthus fischeri Kraepelin, 1911 [= Opisthacanthus rugiceps Pocock, 1897], male lectotype (A–C), female paralectotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B, D–E), 5 mm (C, F).
Opisthacanthus minor Kraepelin, 1911: 75, 79–80
Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) validus Thorell, 1876 [synonymized by
1 subadult ♂ (Fig.
Opisthacanthus obscurus Kraepelin, 1911: 76, 81–82
Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) capensis Thorell, 1876 [synonymized by
(Fig.
1 ♀ (Fig.
A male from the syntype series is designated here as the lectotype and the four remaining specimens are designated as paralectotypes.
Opisthacanthus obscurus Kraepelin, 1911 [= Opisthacanthus capensis Thorell, 1876], male lectotype (A–C), female paralectotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B, D–E), 5 mm (C, F).
Opisthacanthus transvaalicus ochripes Kraepelin, 1911: 82
Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) validus Thorell, 1876 [synonymized by
(Fig.
1 ♀ (Fig.
A male from the syntype series is designated here as lectotype and the remaining specimens as paralectotypes. Opisthacanthus transvaalicus ochripes and O. transvaalicus Kraepelin, 1911 (see below) are currently considered junior synonyms of O. validus. However, the morphology of chelal fingers in males (the length of fingers compare to the manus and the lobe and notch of the cutting edges) are markedly different in these two taxa (see Fig.
Opisthacanthus transvaalicus ochripes Kraepelin, 1911 [= Opisthacanthus validus Thorell, 1876], male lectotype (A–C), female paralectotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B, D–E), 5 mm (C, F).
Opisthacanthus africanus pallidus Lourenço, 2003: 141–146, fig. 14–17
Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) africanus pallidus Lourenço, 2003
(Fig.
1 ♂ (Fig.
Opisthacanthus transvaalicus Kraepelin, 1911: 77, 82–83
Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) validus Thorell, 1876 [synonymized by
(Fig.
2 ♂, 1 ♀ (Fig.
A male from the syntype series is designated here as lectotype and the remaining specimens as paralectotypes. See paragraph on O. transvaalicus ochripes above.
The specimens were probably collected by S. Afer for the Amerstam Museum. No further data are available.
Opisthacanthus transvaalicus Kraepelin, 1911 [= Opisthacanthus validus Thorell, 1876], male lectotype (A–C), female paralectotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B, D–E), 5 mm (C, F).
Palaeocheloctonus pauliani Lourenço, 1996: 37–38, fig. 95–104, 159, 161, 162
Palaeocheloctonus pauliani Lourenço, 1996
1 ♂ (
The holotype and one paratype are deposited in the
Type specimens belonging to 20 species are present at
Scorpio phipsonii Pocock, 1893: 307–310
Heterometrus phipsonii (Pocock, 1893)
♂ (
Pocock (1893) reported several specimens from Madras, as well as one male from Madras and one female from Sheravoy Hills; both collected by Thurston. There is no evidence that the present specimen belongs to this material and we do not consider it part of the type series.
Palamnaeus thorellii Pocock, 1892: 40–41
Heterometrus thorellii (Pocock, 1892) [Synonymized by
1 ♂ (Fig.
Pocock described Palamnaeus thorelli based on a large series of specimens collected by E. W. Oates in several regions of Burma (now Myanmar) (
Eugene William Oates (1845–1911) was an English naturalist, mostly interested in birds. In 1867, he was hired by the Public Works Department in India and sent to Burma where he remained until 1899, returning twice to England in the meantime (1881–1883, 1888–1890) (
Heterometrus ubicki Kovařík, 2004: 46, 53, fig. 30, tab. 1–3
Heterometrus ubicki Kovařík, 2004.
♀ (
The original type series was deposited in František Kovařík’s personal collection (FKCP) and the California Academy of Science (CAS). The present paratype was donated to the
Opisthophthalmus adustus Kraepelin, 1908d: 260–261
Opistophthalmus adustus Kraepelin, 1908
(Fig.
(Fig.
The specimens were designated lectotype and paralectotype respectively by
Friedrich Georg Hans Heinrich Fülleborn (1866–1933) was a medical doctor from West Prussia (now Poland) who specialized in tropical medicine and parasitology. From 1896 onwards, he was a military physician assigned to the Schutztruppe in German East Africa (now Namibia) (
Opisthophthalmus calvus L. Koch, 1867: 233–234
Opistophthalmus latimanus C. L. Koch, 1841 [synonymized by
♀ (
The holotype could not be examined nor photographed as it was on loan at the time of writing. The data provided here were taken from
Opisthophthalmus crassimanus Purcell, 1899: 164–168
Opistophthalmus crassimanus Purcell, 1899
1 ♂ (Fig.
A complete revision of the genus Opistophthalmus is being prepared (Prendini in prep.) and we decided not to designate lectotype and paralectotype among the type specimens in order to avoid interferencing with this ongoing project.
Rudolf Schlechter (1872–1925) was a German botanist who wrote several works on orchids. He collected more than 12 thousands botanical specimens in South Africa between 1891 and 1898 (
Opisthophthalmus fossor Purcell, 1898: 9–12, figs. 4, 4a
Opistophthalmus fossor Purcell, 1898
1 ♂ (Fig.
Among the type material,
Opisthophthalmus fuscipes Purcell, 1898: 20–23
Opistophthalmus fuscipes Purcell, 1898
1 ♂ (Fig.
Opisthophthalmus granicauda Purcell, 1898: 14–16
Opistophthalmus granicauda Purcell, 1898
♂ (
Opisthophthalmus intercedens Kraepelin, 1908d: 262, 265
Opistophthalmus intercedens Kraepelin, 1908
1 juvenile (
Leonhard Sigmund Schultze (1872–1955) was a German ethnologist and zoologist. He led a major expedition to Namibia in 1903–1905 (
Opisthophthalmus latimanus karrooensis Purcell, 1899: 1–5
Opistophthalmus karrooensis Purcell, 1899
1 ♂, 1 ♀ (
The types could not be examined nor photographed as they were on loan at the time of writing.
Opisthophthalmus latimanus keilandsi Hewitt, 1914: 7–8
Opistophthalmus keilandsi Hewitt, 1914 [elevated to species status by Prendini, 2001: 27]
1 ♂ (Fig.
Opisthophthalmus leipoldti Purcell, 1898: 18–20, pl. III, fig. 5
Opistophthalmus leipoldti Purcell, 1898 [relegated as a subspecies of O. capensis by
1 ♂ (Fig.
Opisthophthalmus pictus
Opistophthalmus pictus Kraepelin, 1894
4 ♀ (
The possible collector is Hans Meyer (1858–1929) who was a German geographer and the first European to reach the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro in 1889. Meyer traveled extensively in eastern Africa but we are not sure if he also traveled to southern Africa.
Opisthophthalmus pilosus
Opistophthalmus flavescens Purcell, 1898 [synonymized by
Data according to the original description: 1 ♀, Südwestafrika [German South West Africa = Namibia], [Karas Region], Lüderitzbucht [Lüderitz Bay] [26°38’58”S, 15°10’03”E], 30–40 km im Umkreis Dünen [30–40 km within sand dunes], Eberlanz leg., entry number 44 (1929); 1 ♀, Deutsch-Südwestafrika [German South West Africa=Namibia], Prof. Dr. Griess leg., entry number 18 (1929).
The syntype series was lost during a plane crash when the material loaned to B. H. Lamoral was sent back to Hamburg (label in jar from H. Dastych: “B. H. Lamoral 18.XI.1974; Das ganze Material ist verloren, 1975. Das Flugzeug ist abgestürzt”). Lamoral and Reynders (1975: 563) established Opisthophthalmus werneri as a replacement name for O. pilosus Werner, 1936 wich is a junior homonym of O. pilosus C. L. Koch, 1838.
Opisthophthalmus schultzei Kraepelin, 1908d: 261–263
Opistophthalmus schultzei Kraepelin, 1908
1 ♀ (Fig.
See paragraph about Opisthophthalmus intercedens Kraepelin, 1908 above.
Opisthophthalmus undulatus Kraepelin, 1908d: 261, 263–264
Opistophthalmus schultzei Kraepelin, 1908 [synonymized by
1 ♂ (Fig.
See paragraph about Opisthophthalmus intercedens Kraepelin, 1908 above.
Scorpio gregorii Pocock, 1896: 432–435, pl. XVIII, fig. 3, 3a
Pandinurus gregoryi (Pocock, 1896)
1 ♀ (
John Walter Gregory (1864–1932) was a British geologist and explorer who studied glacial geology and geography and geology of Australia and East Africa. He led the first scientific expedition to Mount Kenya in 1902–3 (
Scorpio pallidus Kraepelin, 1894: 33, 60–62, pl. I, fig. 11
Pandinurus pallidus (Kraepelin, 1894)
1 subadult ♂ (
2 juveniles (
Two potential collectors were identified here for these specimens: Johann Maria Hildebrandt (1847–1881) and Gustav Adolf Fischer (1848–1886). Hildebrandt was a German explorer and scientist. From 1871 to 1881 he made several expeditions to the Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes during which he amassed important collections of botanical and zoological specimens (
Pandinus camerounensis Lourenço, 2014b: 143–149
Pandinus imperator (C. L. Koch, 1841) [synonymized by
(Fig.
1 subadult ♂, 2 juveniles, same as holotype (
Scorpio maurus yemenensis Werner, 1936: 183–184, fig 4
Scorpio yemenensis Werner, 1936 [raised to species-level by
♂ (Fig.
9 ♂, 17 ♀, 9 subadult ♂, 5 subadult ♀, 13 juveniles (
Carl August Rathjens (1887–1966) was a German geographer with a special interest in South Arabian historiography, geology and ethnography. He travelled to Yemen in 1927, 1931, 1934 and 1938 (
Scorpio maurus occidentalis Werner, 1936: 184–185, fig. 4
Scorpio occidentalis Werner, 1936 [elevated to species rank by
♂ (
Scorpio savanicola Lourenço, 2009: 110–111
Scorpio savanicola Lourenço, 2009
(Fig.
Type specimens belonging to five species are present at
Scorpiops afghanus Lourenço & Qi, 2006: 278, 280–284, figs. 2–15
Scorpiops afghanus Lourenço & Qi, 2006
(Fig.
2 juveniles (
Clas Michael Naumann zu Königsbruck (1939–2004) was a Professor of Zoology at the University of Bonn and director of the Museum Alexander König in Bonn. His main interest was the biogeography of Afghanistan where he traveled extensively. Ernst Kullmann (1931–1996) was a German arachnologist and director of the Cologne Zoological Garden. The travel route of the “deutschen zoologish-botanischen Expedition 1971”, in which Naumann and Kullman took part, is presented in the map of
Scorpiops affinis Krapelin, 1898a: 44
Scorpiops hardwickii (Gervais, 1843) [synonymized by
♂ (
The specimen in the
Adolphe (1829–1857), Hermann (1826–1882) and Robert Schlagintweit (1833–1885) were German explorers who regularly sent zoological specimens collected during their travels to Henri de Saussure (1829–1905). In 1854, the brotherhood was commissioned by the East India Company to organize a scientific expedition in their territory. For the next three years, they explored the Deccan, and then the Himalayas, Karakoram and Kuen-lun Mountains (Schalgintweit, Schlagintweit and Schlagintweit 1861). The present specimen was probably collected during this expedition.
Scorpiops afghanus Lourenço & Qi, 2006, female holotype (A–C). Scorpiops affinis Krapelin, 1898 [= Scorpiops hardwickii (Gervais, 1843)], male lectotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B), 5 mm (D–E), 1 mm (C), 0.5 mm (F).
Scorpiops dastychi Kovařík, 2000: 170–172, 197, fig. 29, 33–34, 45, 50–51, tab. 1–3
Scorpiops dastychi Kovařík, 1999
(Fig.
♀ (Fig.
Other paratypes are deposited in the following institutions:
Gustav Adolf von Maydell led the German India-Expedition 1955–58, which was commissioned by the Zoological Institute and Museum of Hamburg (
Scorpiops feti Kovařík, 2000: 174–175, 197, fig. 17, 36, 49, 54–55, tab. 1–3
Scorpiops feti Kovařík, 2000
(Fig.
1 ♀ (Fig.
Two paratypes (one male, one female) are deposited in FKCP.
Scorpiops kraepelini Lourenço, 1998: 246, 248, 252–253, figs.1–9, 13
Scorpiops kraepelini Lourenço, 1998
(Fig.
(Fig.
Type specimens belonging to three species are present at
Urodacus bicolor Werner, 1936: 182–183, fig. 3
Urodacus novaehollandiae Peters, 1861 [synonymized by L. E.
1 ♀ (Fig.
See paragraph on Cercophonius granulosus Kraepelin, 1908 above.
Urodacus fossor Kraepelin, 1916: 36–39, fig. 6–7
Urodacus yaschenkoi (Birula, 1903) [synonymized by L. E.
♀ (
Eric Georg Mjöberg (1882–1938) was a Swedish zoologist and ethnographer who led the first Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia in the early 1900s (
Urodacus hartmeyeri Kraepelin, 1908c: 99–101, pl. XII, fig. 7–9
Urodacus hartmeyeri Kraepelin, 1908.
(Fig.
♀ (
The bigger female is designated lectotype, the other female is paralectotype.
Heinrich Hermann Robert Hartmeyer (1874–1923) was a German zoologist. He was curator at the Zoological Museum of the University of Berlin from 1908 onward (
Type specimens belonging to one species are present at
The taxonomic status and generic composition of the family Vaejovidae is still unclear whereas the monophyly of the superfamily Vaejovoidea was recently confirmed by phylogenomic analysis (
Vejovis minimus Kraepelin, 1911: 83–84
Catalinia minima (Kraepelin, 1911)
(Fig.
1 ♂ (Fig.
Gertsh and Soleglad (1972: 600) designated a female as lectotype and a male and a female as paratypes.
This study was funded by the “Gesellschaft der Freunde und Förderer des Zoologischen Museums Hamburg“. We thank Elicio Tapia for imaging most specimens for this catalogue. L. Monod is grateful to Christina Lehman-Graber for her help in editing the photographs of Hormurus boholiensis, Hormurus karschii keyensis and Hormurus papuanus, and John Hollier and Peter Schwendinger for their suggestions and constructive comments. Finally, we would like to acknowledge Victor Fet, František Kovařík and Pedro Sousa for reviewing the manuscript.
Alphabetical list of taxon names treated in the catalogue.
adustus (VALID) > Opistophthalmus adustus Kraepelin, 1908 [Scorpionidae]
aequispinnus (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) diremptus (Karsch, 1879) [Hormuridae]
afghanus (VALID) > Scorpiops afghanus Lourenço & Qi, 2006 [Scorpiopidae]
affinis (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Scorpiops hardwickii (Gervais, 1843) [Scorpiopidae]
amazonicus (VALID) > Teuthraustes amazonicus (Simon, 1880) [Chactidae]
andohahela (VALID) > Opisthacanthus (Monodopisthacanthus) andohahela Lourenço, 2014 [Hormuridae]
bicolor (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Urodacus novaehollandiae Peters, 1861 [Urodacidae]
bocki (VALID) > Bothriurus bocki Kraepelin, 1911 [Bothriuridae]
boholiensis (VALID) > Hormurus boholiensis Kraepelin, 1914 [Hormuridae]
burmeisteri (VALID) > Bothriurus burmeisteri Kraepelin, 1894 [Bothriuridae]
asper (VALID) > Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) asper (Peters, 1861) [Hormuridae]
brevidigitatus (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Liocheles australasiae (Sundevall, 1775) [Hormuridae]
calvus (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Opistophthalmus latimanus C. L. Koch, 1841 [Scorpionidae]
camerounensis (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Pandinus imperator (C. L. Koch, 1841) [Scorpionidae]
catharinae (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Bothriurus signatus Pocock, 1893 [Bothriuridae]
caudicula (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Hormurus waigiensis (Gervais, 1843) [Hormuridae]
crassimanus (VALID) > Opistophthalmus crassimanus Purcell, 1899 [Scorpionidae]
curvidigitus (VALID) > Orobothriurus curvidigitus (Kraepelin, 1911) [Bothriuridae]
dastychi (VALID) > Scorpiops dastychi Kovařík , 1999 [Scorpiopidae]
exsul (VALID) > Chactas exsul (Werner, 1939) [Chactidae]
feti (VALID) > Scorpiops feti Kovařík, 2000 [Scorpiopidae]
fischeri (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) rugiceps Pocock, 1897 [Hormuridae]
flavidus (VALID) > Bothriurus flavidus Kraepelin, 1911 [Bothriuridae]
fossor (VALID) > Opistophthalmus fossor Purcell, 1898 [Scorpionidae]
fossor (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Urodacus yaschenkoi (Birula, 1903) [Urodacidae]
fuchsii (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Chactas vanbenedenii (Gervais, 1843) [Chactidae]
fuscipes (VALID) > Opistophthalmus fuscipes Purcell, 1898 [Scorpionidae]
glaber (VALID) > Cheloctonus glaber Kraepelin, 1896 [Hormuridae]
granicauda (VALID) > Opistophthalmus granicauda Purcell, 1898 [Scorpionidae]
granulosus (VALID) > Cercophonius granulosus Kraepelin, 1908 [Bothriuridae]
gregorii (VALID) > Pandinurus gregoryi (Pocock, 1896) [Scorpionidae]
hartmeyeri (VALID) > Urodacus hartmeyeri Kraepelin, 1908 [Urodacidae]
hasethi (VALID) > Didymocentrus hasethi (Kraepelin, 1896) [Diplocentridae]
himalayensis (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Phoniocercus sanmartini Cekalovic, 1968 [Bothriuridae]
intercedens (VALID) > Opistophthalmus intercedens Kraepelin, 1908 [Scorpionidae]
intermedius (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Chactas lepturus Thorell, 1876 [Chactidae]
kaii (VALID) > Heteroscorpion kaii Lourenço & Goodman, 2009 [Heteroscorpionidae]
karrooensis (VALID) > Opistophthalmus karrooensis Purcell, 1898 [Scorpionidae]
keilandsi (VALID) > Opistophthalmus keilandsi Hewitt, 1914 [Scorpionidae]
keyensis (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Hormurus karschii (Keyserling, 1885) [Hormuridae]
kraepelini (VALID) > Scorpiops kraepelini Lourenço, 1998 [Scorpiopidae]
laeviceps (VALID) > Iomachus laeviceps Pocock, 1890 [Hormuridae]
leipoldti (VALID) > Opistophthalmus leipoldti Purcell, 1898 [Scorpionidae]
lepturus (VALID) > Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 [Hemiscorpiidae]
maculatus (VALID) > Bothriurus maculatus Kraepelin, 1911 [Bothriuridae]
madagascariensis (VALID) > Opisthacanthus (Monodopisthacanthus) madagascariensis Kraepelin, 1894 [Hormuridae]
maindroni (VALID) > Hemiscorpius maindroni Kraepelin,1900 [Hemiscorpiidae]
major (VALID) > Chactas major Kraepelin, 1912 [Chactidae]
michaelseni (VALID) > Cercophonius michaelseni Kraepelin,1908 [Bothriuridae]
minimus (VALID) > Catalinia minima (Kraepelin, 1911) [Vaejovoidea]
minor (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) validus Thorell, 1876 [Hormuridae]
neocaledonicus (VALID) > Hormurus neocaledonicus (Simon, 1877) [Hormuridae]
politus (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Brachistosternus ehrenbergii (Gervais, 1841) [Bothriuridae]
obscurus (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) capensis Thorell, 1876 [Hormuridae]
occidentalis (VALID) > Iomachus politus occidentalis Lourenço, 2003 [Hormuridae]
occidentalis (VALID) > Scorpio occidentalis Werner, 1936 [Scorpionidae]
ochripes (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) validus Thorell, 1876 [Hormuridae]
ohausi (VALID) > Teuthraustes ohausi Kraepelin, 1912 [Chactidae]
opisthacanthoides (VALID) > Heteroscorpion opisthacanthoides (Kraepelin, 1896) [Heteroscorpionidae]
ozendai (VALID) > Chactas ozendai Lourenço, 1999 [Chactidae]
paessleri (VALID) > Orobothriurus paessleri (Kraepelin, 1911) [Bothriuridae]
pallidus (VALID) > Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) africanus pallidus Lourenço, 2003 [Hormuridae]
pallidus (VALID) > Pandinurus pallidus (Kraepelin, 1894) [Scorpionidae]
pantanalensis (VALID) > Brazilobothriurus pantanalensis Lourenço & Monod, 2000 [Bothriuridae]
parvulus (VALID) > Broteochactas parvulus Pocock, 1897 [Chactidae]
pauliani (VALID) > Palaeocheloctonus pauliani Lourenço, 1996 [Hormuridae]
papuanus (VALID) > Hormurus papuanus Kraepelin, 1914 [Hormuridae]
phipsonii (VALID) > Heterometrus phipsonii (Pocock,1893) [Scorpionidae]
pictus (VALID) > Opistophthalmus pictus Kraepelin, 1894 [Scorpionidae]
pilosus (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Opistophthalmus flavescens Purcell, 1898 [Scorpionidae]
sarasini (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Hormurus neocaledonicus (Simon, 1877) [Hormuridae]
reticulatus (VALID) > Chactas reticulatus Kraepelin, 1912 [Chactidae]
savanicola (VALID) > Scorpio savanicola Lourenço, 2009 [Scorpionidae]
schultzei (VALID) > Opistophthalmus schultzei Kraepelin, 1908 [Scorpionidae]
setosus (VALID) > Chactas setosus Kraepelin, 1912 [Chactidae]
somalicus (VALID) > Hemiscorpius somalicus Lourenço, 2011 [Hemiscorpiidae]
sulcatus (VALID) > Cercophonius sulcatus Kraepelin, 1908 [Bothriuridae]
thorellii (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Heterometrus bengalensis (C. L. Koch, 1841) [Scorpionidae]
titschacki (VALID) > Centromachetes titschacki (Werner,1939) [Bothriuridae]
transvaalicus (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) validus Thorell, 1876 [Hormuridae]
trivittatus (VALID) > Bothriurus trivittatus Werner, 1939 [Bothriuridae]
troglodytes (VALID) > Hadogenes troglodytes (Peters, 1861) [Hormuridae]
ubicki (VALID) > Heterometrus ubicki Kovařík, 2004 [Scorpionidae]
undulatus (JUNIOR SYNONYM) > Opistophthalmus schultzei Kraepelin, 1908 [Scorpionidae]
wittii (VALID) > Teuthraustes witti (Kraepelin, 1896) [Chactidae]
yemenensis (VALID) > Scorpio yemensis Werner, 1936 [Scorpionidae]