Bothriurus bocki Kraepelin, 1911

Subadult ♂ (Fig. 3A–B, ZMH-A0000900), Bolivien [Bolivia], [La Paz], Sorata [15°46’23”S, 68°38’59”W], 09.1900, Charles Bock leg., ded. 8.05.1901.

Subadult ♂ (ZMH-A0000900), same data as lectotype.

Maury (1984) designated the specimen with 9-9 pectinal teeth as the lectotype and the other specimen as the paralectotype.

Remarks on collector. Charles Bock (1923–?) was a mining engineer who traveled to Bolivia and Argentina (Garth 1957). The specimen was probably collected during his travels.

Bothriurus burmeisteri Kraepelin, 1894.

♂ (Fig. 3C–E, ZMH-A0000901), Argentinien [Argentina], Hermann Burmeister leg., ded. 1891.

Subadult ♀, same data as holotype.

Weidner (1959) designated the holotype and paratype although there is no indication that the original description was based on the male rather than the female. Fixing a holotype after the original publication is not allowed. According to Article 73.1.3 of the Code (ICZN 2018) a holotype can only be designated in the original publication and by the original author. In case of a description based on more than one specimen, the Code recommends the designation of a lectotype (ICZN 2018: recommendation 73F). The adult male is therefore designated here as lectotype and the subadult female is the paralectotype.

Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister (1807–1892) was a professor of zoology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg from 1837 to 1961 before he moved to Argentina and was appointed director of the National Museum in Buenos Aires. Before this appointment, he traveled to Uruguay and Argentina in late 1856 and returned with zoological collections to Germany (Bragg 2007). The type specimens of B. burmeisteri were probably collected during this expedition.

Figure 3.

Bothriurus bocki Kraepelin, 1911, subadult male lectotype (A, B). Bothriurus burmeisteri Kraepelin, 1894, male lectotype (C–E): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus E pro-lateral aspect of chela. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Bothriurus signatus Pocock, 1893 [synonymized by Maury 1973: 111].

Male and female syntypes destroyed according to Lowe and Fet (2000). Primary data according to Werner (1939): Brazil, Santa Catarina, Joinville [26°18’16”S, 48°50’44”W], Wilhelm Ehrhardt leg., 1 ♀, coll. 28.09.1898; 1 ♂, coll. 07–08.1922.

Wilhelm Ehrhardt (1860–1936?) was a professional collector and taxidermist. He emigrated permanently from Hamburg in 1897 and moved to the state of Santa Catharina in South Brazil. For many years, he collected important series of vertebrate and invertebrate specimens on behalf of numerous museums and scientific institutions in Europe, e.g. the British Museum of Natural History London (BMNH), the Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt am Main (SMFD), the Zoologisches Museum München, the Zoologisches Museum Berlin (ZMB), the Zoologisches Museum Hamburg (ZMH), the Universität Göttingen, and the Königliche Nervenklinik Tübingenthe (Gutsche et al. 2007).

Bothriurus flavidus Kraepelin, 1911

(Fig. 4D–E) Juvenile (ZMH-A0000902), Argentinien [Argentina], [Buenos Aires], Bahia Blanca [38°43’10”S, 62°16’20”W], Friesen leg., ded. 22.06.1898.

(Fig. 4A–C) ♂ (ZMH-A0000903), Realgymnasium, locality unkown, coll. 1891.

As type material, Kraepelin (1911) listed a juvenile from Bahia Blanca. This specimen is designated here as the lectotype. He also mentions the presence of a male without precise locality in the ZMH collections, which at that time were still housed at the “Realgymnasium” in Hamburg and only later moved to a new museum building. This specimen is a paralectotype.

Figure 4.

Bothriurus flavidus Kraepelin, 1911, male paratype (A–C), juvenile male holotype (D–E): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C pro-lateral aspect of chela. Scale bars: 5 mm (A–B, D–E), 0.5 mm (C).

Bothriurus maculatus Kraepelin, 1911

Subadult ♂ (ZMH-A0002230), Bolivien [Bolivia], [La Paz], Tipuani [15°33’00”S, 68°00’00”W], L. A. von Leonhard leg.

This specimen was donated to ZMH by A. von Leonard alongside “many snakes and 469 insects from Tipuani in Bolivia” (Kraepelin 1895b). No additional data are available.

Figure 5.

Bothriurus maculatus Kraepelin, 1911, subadult male holotype, habitus A dorsal aspect B ventral aspect. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Bothriurus trivittatus Werner, 1939

(Fig. 6D–F) ♀ (metasoma broken) (ZMH-A000906), Bolivia, La Paz Province, Bez. Araca [Araca District] [16°49’00”S, 67°33’00”W], 125 km südöstl. von La Paz [125 km SE of La Paz], 4200 m, 10–12.1910–1916, Charles Bock leg., ded. 12.08.1921.

1 ♂ (Fig. 6A–C), 1 ♀, 1 subadult ♂, 2 subadult ♀, 1 juvenile (ZMH-A000906), Same data as holotype.

1 subadult ♂, 1 ♀ (ZMH-A0002232), Bolivien [Bolivia], La Paz Province, Yungas District, Chulumani [16°24’30”S, 67°31’45”W], 125 km östl. von La Paz [125 km East of La Paz], 1600–2000m, 09–10.1916, Charles Bock leg., ded. 12.08.1921.

Werner (1939) only mentioned one female from Araca with 15 pectinal teeth and this specimen should be considered as the holotype. The other specimens from the same series are paratypes by definition. Maury (1973) mentioned holotype and paratypes from Araca and cotypes from Chulumani. There is no evidence that Werner examined the material from Chulumani when naming the species and these specimens are probably not types. A specimen from the type series (ZMH-A000905) is labelled as belonging to a different species, probably by Maury who studied the material in 1970. No valid species name is, however, provided for this specimen and it may still be undescribed.

See paragraph on Bothriurus bocki Kraepelin, 1911 above.

Figure 6.

Bothriurus trivittatus Werner, 1939, male paratype (A–C), female holotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F pro-lateral aspect of chela. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B), 5 mm (D–E), 0.5 mm (C, F).

Brachistosternus ehrenbergii (Gervais, 1841) [synonymized by Kraepelin 1894: 216]

♀ (ZMH-A000940), Süd-Amerika [South America], Museum Godeffroy (No. 2244).

The Museum Godeffroy was a private museum in Hamburg that existed between 1861–1885. Most arachnid specimens from its collections were integrated into the ZMH collections after the collapse of the Godeffroy estate and the closure of the Museum.

Figure 7.

Telegonus politus L. Koch, 1867 [= Brachistosternus ehrenbergii (Gervais, 1841)], female holotype, habitus A dorsal aspect B ventral aspect. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Brazilobothriurus pantanalensis Lourenço & Monod, 2000

1 ♂ (Fig. 8A–C, ZMH-A0000927), 1 ♂ (ZMH-A0002233), 1 ♀ (Fig. 8D–F, ZMH-A0000928), Brazil, Mato Grosso, Corumbá [19°00’33”S, 57°39’12”W], S of Fazenda Salina (today Mato Groso do Sul), 12.VI.1963, E. Kleber leg. (collected with Tityus mattogrossensis).

The holotype and three paratypes are deposited in the MHNG, eight paratypes at the MNHN, and three paratypes in the Museum Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ) (Lourenço and Monod 2000). These latter specimens were recently destroyed in the fire that consumed the MNRJ and its collections (02 September 2018).

Figure 8.

Brazilobothriurus pantanalensis Lourenço & Monod, 2000, paratype (male) (A–C), female paratype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F pro-lateral aspect of chela. Scale bars: 5 mm (A–B, D–E), 0.5 mm (C, F).

Centromachetes titschacki (Werner,1939)

(Fig. 9A–C) ♂ (ZMH-A0000907), Chile, [Biobío], Coronel [37°02’01”S, 73°08’24”W], Richard Paessler leg., ded. 15.01.1920.

2 ♂ (ZMH-A0002234), 1 ♀ (Fig. 9D–F, ZMH-A0000908), same data as holotype.

6 ♂, 1 ♀ (ZMH-A0002235), Chile, [Biobío], Contulmo [38°00’56”S, 73°13’47”W], 1914–15, Richard Paessler leg., ded. 15.01.1920.

Werner (1939) described the species based on a male for which he provided measurements (holotype: total length 49mm, truncus [mesosoma] 20mm, cephalothorax [prosoma] 6 mm, hand 9 mm, pectinal teeth 9) and he also mentioned additional specimens (paratypes).

Richard Paessler (1886–1920) was a ship’s captain, working for the firm Kosmos (Garth 1957). He published a list of birds observed in the region of Coronel in Chile when he visited the area from 1914 to 1918 (Pässler 1922).

Figure 9.

Bothriurus titschacki Werner, 1939 [= Centromachetes titschacki (Werner,1939)], male holotype (A–C), female paratype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F pro-lateral aspect of chela. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B, D–E), 0.5 mm (C, F).

Cercophonius granulosus Kraepelin, 1908

♀ (Fig. 9A–B, ZMH-A0000909), [Western Australia], Moonyoonooka (station 82) [28°46’51”S, 114°43’37”E], 13.07.1905, Wilhelm Michaelsen leg., Hamburg’s South-West Australia Expedition 1905, ded. 06.1908.

♀ (ZMH-A0002236), Western Australia, Geraldton (station 75) [28°46’44”S, 114°36’52”E], 16.07.1905, Wilhelm Michaelsen leg., Hamburg’s South-West Australia Expedition 1905, ded. 06.1908.

Kraepelin (1908c) listed 2 females from Moonyoonooka and 1 juvenile from Geraldton. Acosta (1990) noted that the material was only composed of 1 female from Moonyoonooka and 1 female from Geraldton, with no trace of a juvenile specimen. The female from Moonyoonooka erroneously considered as holotype by Weidner (1959) was designated as lectotype and the remaining specimen as paralectotype by Acosta (1990).

J. Wilhelm Michaelsen (1860–1937) was a curator at the ZMH and a specialist of Oligochaeta (Monro 1937; Sherlock and Berridge 2012). He undertook three major expeditions to Chile, South Africa and Western Australia (see Harms and Dupérré 2018 for details). In 1905, the Berlin and Hamburg Museums organized a major expedition to southwestern Australia that was led by Michaelsen and Robert Hartmeyer (Michaelsen and Hartmeyer 1907 [see travel map for detail of collecting localities]). Numerous spiders (Araneae) species were described by Simon (1908, 1909) based on the material collected during this expedition. The type specimens of these species are lodged in the Western Australian Museum (Main and Harvey 1992). Interestingly, the type specimens of Australian scorpion species described by Kraepelin based on material collected during the same expedition were not sent back to Australia but remained in the collections of the Hamburg Museum.

Figure 10.

Cercophonius granulosus Kraepelin, 1908, female lectotype, habitus A dorsal aspect B ventral aspect. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Cercophonius michaelseni Kraepelin, 1908

(Fig. 11A–B) ♀ (ZMH-A0000933), [Western Australia], Boorabbin (station 95) [31°12’27”S, 120°18’31”E], 22.09.1905, Wilhelm Michaelsen leg., Hamburg’s South-West Australia Expedition 1905, ded. 06.1908.

(Fig. 11C–D) subadult ♂ (ZMH-A0000933), same data as lectotype.

Kraepelin (1908c) listed 2 females and one male (but he was unsure the specimen was a male) as type material. Weidner (1959) erroneously considered the female as holotype and the male as paratype. Acosta (1990) examined three syntypes and designated the female as lectotype and the remaining specimens as paralectotypes. One specimen from the type series is deposited in the Berlin Natural History Museum (ZMB/Arach-15396).

See paragraph on Cercophonius granulosus Kraepelin, 1908 above.

Figure 11.

Cercophonius michaelseni Kraepelin, 1908, female lectotype (A–B), subadult male paralectotype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B), 5 mm (C–D).

Cercophonius sulcatus Kraepelin, 1908

(Fig. 12A–B) ♀ (ZMH-A0000930), [Western Australia], Torbay (station 162) [35°01’24”S, 117°39’38”E], 19.08.1905, Wilhelm Michaelsen leg., Hamburg’s South-West Australia Expedition 1905, ded. 06.1908.

(Fig. 12C–D) subadult ♂ (ZMH-A0000930), same data as lectotype; ♀ (ZMH-A0001061), [Western Australia], Lunenberg (station 138) [33°20’06”S, 116°02’08”E], 22.09.1905, Wilhelm Michaelsen leg., Hamburg’s South-West Australia Expedition 1905, ded. 06.1908; juvenile (ZMH-A0002237), [Western Australia], South Albany (station 167) [35°01’36”S, 117°53’01”E], 06.1905, Wilhelm Michaelsen leg., Hamburg’s South-West Australia Expedition 1905, ded. 06.1908.

Kraepelin (1908c) and Acosta (1990) listed 7 specimens as type material. Acosta (1990: 18) designated the female from Torbay as lectotype and the remaining specimens as paralectotypes. Three specimens from the original series are lodged in the collections of the Berlin Museum (ZMB): 1 juvenile (ZMB/Arach-15397), Collie (station 137); 2 juveniles (ZMB/Arach-15398), Boyanup (station 146). Lunenburg was an old settlement near the current town of Dwellingup in southwestern Australia.

See paragraph on Cercophonius granulosus Kraepelin, 1908 above.

Figure 12.

Cercophonius sulcatus Kraepelin, 1908, female lectotype (A–B), subadult male paralectotype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Orobothriurus curvidigitus (Kraepelin, 1911)

♂ (Fig. 13A–C, ZMH-A0000914), Peru, [Arequipa Province], Yura [16°07’51”S, 71°36’22”W], coll. 20.VI.1909, Museum Wiesbaden.

Subadult ♀ (ZMH-A0000914), same data as lectotype.

Kraepelin (1911) listed one male and one juvenile female from the ZMH collections. His description is not based on a specific specimen and Maury (1975b: 18–19) designated a holotype and an allotype a posteriori. As fixing a holotype after the original publication is not an accepted practice (ICZN 2018: article 73.1.3; see paragraph on Bothriurus burmeisteri Kraepelin, 1894 above), the male is designated here as the lectotype, and the female is the paralectotype.

Figure 13.

Bothriurus curvidigitus Kraepelin, 1911 [= Orobothriurus curvidigitus (Kraepelin, 1911)], male lectotype A dorsal aspect of habitus B ventral aspect of habitus C pro-lateral aspect of chela. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B), 1 mm (C).

Orobothriurus paessleri (Kraepelin, 1911)

(Fig. 14A–C) ♂ (ZMH-A0000904), Peru, [Arequipa Department], [Islay Province], Kataringo [Catarindo] [17°01’08”S, 72°01’54”W], Thal 1.5 ml nördlich von Mollendo [Valley, 1.5 miles North of Mollendo], 15.11.1906, Captain Richard Paessler leg., ded. 25.02.1907.

(Fig. 14D–F) ♀ (ZMH-A0000904), same data as lectotype; subadult ♂ (ZMH-A0002231), Peru, [Arequipa Department], Thal Kataringo bei Mollendo [Valley of Catarindo, near Mollendo], 3.12.1907, Captain Richard Paessler leg., ded. 11.03.1908.

Kraepelin (1911) listed one male and three females from Kataringo. One male (holotype), one female (allotype) and two additional females were examined and listed for the type series by Maury (1975b: 20). Ochoa et al. (2011) listed 4 syntypes (1 male and 3 females) but only three specimens could be found in the ZMH collections and the fourth is lost. For reasons given above (see paragraph on Orobothriurus curvidigitus (Kraepelin, 1911)), the male is designated here as the lectotype and the remaining specimens are paralectotypes.

See paragraph on Centromachetes titschacki Werner, 1939 above.

Figure 14.

Bothriurus paessleri Kraepelin, 1911 [= Orobothriurus paessleri (Kraepelin, 1911)], male lectotype (A–C), female paralectotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F pro-lateral aspect of chela. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B, D–E), 1 mm (C, F).

Phoniocercus sanmartini Cekalovic, 1968 [synonymyized by Ojanguren-Affilastro et al. 2018: 474, 477]

♂ (ZMH-A0001581), India, Himalaya, [Uttarakhand] Ukal, Pauri Garhwal, U.P., 308N-7850E [30°09’00”N, 78°50’00”E], about 45 km from the town of Pauri [30°09’10”N, 78°46’37”E] (2250 m alt.), 16.05.1958, F. Schmid leg. (ZMH, Eing. Nr. A40/96).

Ojanguren-Affilastro et al. (2018) considered that the specimen was mislabelled (it was probably collected in Chile and not in India like it is stated on the label). They explained that the entomologist Fernand Schmid (1924–1998) collected in Uttar Pradesh (India) in 1958 (Weaver and Nimmo 1999) but was at the same time working with material collected in Chile by Luis Enrique Peña (Schmid 1958). Peña, a Chilean entomologist, was regularly supplying researchers, museums and collections around the world with arachnid and insect specimens from Chile (Barriga-Tũńon and Ugarte-Peña 1995). He probably collected the present specimen and sent it to the Zoologisches Museum Hamburg. It is plausible that a label of Schmid’s field work in India was wrongly placed inside the vial of the scorpion collected by Peña.

Broteochactas parvulus Pocock, 1897

♀ (ZMH-A0001193), [Brazil], Amazonas [Amazon River], [Pará], Santarém [2°26’35”S, 54°42’30”W], [beneath rotten wood], 06.1897, F. Pickard-Cambridge leg., BMNH don.

Pocock (1897b) mentioned several specimens collected by Pickard-Cambridge. The remaining syntypes are deposited in the BMNH (Sissom 2000: 294).

Figure 15.

Broteochactas parvulus Pocock, 1897, female syntype, habitus A dorsal aspect B ventral aspect C retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 5 mm (A–B), 1 mm (C).

Chactas exsul (Werner, 1939)

Data according to original description: ♂ Costa Rica, [Limón], Ebene von Limon [plains of Puerto Limón], bei Las Mercedes [near Las Mercedes] [10°10’32”N, 83°36’41”W], 10–30 m über dem Meere [10–30 m alt.], 12–30 km vom Atlantik [12–30 km from the coast], Siguires, in Bohrlöchern [in boreholes].

According to Sissom (2000), the holotype was destroyed during World War II. A neotype was subsequently designated by Francke and Stockwell (1987: 27). This specimen, a female from El Valle (Panama), is deposited in the collection of the Smithsonian Museum in Washington (USNM). We consider the designation of this neotype questionable for the following reasons: (1) The locality of the neotype is about 650 km from the original type locality; (2) The authors examined only five specimens in total, four females and one juvenile. Among this material, all specimens are from Panama except one female collected in the Limón Province in Costa Rica. It would have been more logical to designate this latter specimen as the neotype rather than one specimen from Panama because the site of collection was closer to the type locality. However, the authors do not provide any explanation regarding their decision to choose a specimen from Panama as neotype.

Chactas vanbenedenii (Gervais, 1843) [Synonymized by Kraepelin 1894: 171]

(Fig. 16A–B) ♂ (ZMH-A0003050), Colombia, [Cauca], Popayán [2°26’17”N, 76°36’47”W], coll. 1893, Museum Göttingen.

(Fig. 16C–D) ♀ (ZMH-A0003050), same data as holotype

A label in the jar mentions “Chactas vanbenedenii (Gervais), Original-Exemplar zu Chactas fuchsii Berthold Kraepelin”, confirming that these two specimens are the original series examined by Berthold (1946). The male is designated here as lectotype and the female is a paralectotype.

Figure 16.

Chactas fuchsii Berthold, 1846 [= Chactas vanbenedenii (Gervais, 1843)], male lectotype (A–B), paralectotype (female) (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Chactas lepturus Thorell, 1876 [Synonymized by Lourenço 1997h: 84–85]

(Fig. 17A–B) ♀ (ZMH-A0003047), Columbien [Colombia], between Boca del Monte and Tambo [near Bogota] [4°41’28”N, 74°21’11”W], 1900 m, Otto Fuhrmann leg., ded. 10.1911.

2 ♀, 1 subadult ♂ (Fig. 17C–D), 2 juveniles (ZMH-A0001869), same data as lectotype.

Kraepelin (1912b) originally described this taxon as a subspecies of C. lepturus and listed the type locality as “Boca del Monte bei Bogota in Kolumbien, Ostkordillere, in 2400 Höhe”. Although the altitude is different than the one mentioned on the label, the locality is the same. The present specimens are considered here as types. One female is designated as the lectotype and the others are paralectotypes.

Otto Fuhrmann (1871–1945) was a Swiss parasitologist specializing in helminthology (Delachaux and Baer 1914). He travelled to Columbia in 1910 with Eugene Mayor (1876–1976). They stayed in La Camelia (part of the coffee plantation owned by Karl Bimberg, German consul in Medellin, and located south west of Angelopolis) from August to September 1910 and visited Bogota and its surroundings in October 1910 (Fuhrmann and Mayor 1914; see map p. 117).

Figure 17.

Chactas lepturus intermedius [= Chactas lepturus Thorell, 1876], female lectotype (A–B), subadult male paralectotype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Chactas major Kraepelin, 1912 [elevated to species status by Lourenço 1999: 127]

♀ (ZMH-A0002238), Columbien [Columbia], [Antioquia], La Camelia [6°06’00”N, 75°44’00”W], 1820 m alt., Otto Fuhrmann leg., ded. 10.1911.

Kraepelin (1912b) described this taxon as a subspecies of Chactas lepturus (Chactas lepturus major) and reported the type locality as “Angelopolis in Kolombien, Zentralkordillere, in 1890 Höhe; Gundua in Kolombien, Ostkordillere in 950 m Höhe”. The same locality was cited again in a subsequent publication (Kraepelin 1914c). Sissom (2000) mentioned holotype and paratypes but he was not sure whether these specimens were present in the ZMH collection. Only one female is present in the ZMH collections and its primary data differ from the original description. We cannot exclude a transcription error in museum labels or Kraepelin’s original publication and since no other specimens of this species are available, the given specimen is treated as the holotype until more data become available. This specimen morphology is congruent with Kraepelin’s definition of C. major (pectinal tooth count 8-8, body length 56 mm) and suitable to diagnose the species.

See paragraph on Chactas lepturus intermedius above.

Chactas ozendai Lourenço, 1999 [Chactidae]

♂ (ZMH-A0003359), Columbia, Department of Antioquia, Angelopolis [6°06’41”N, 75°42’37”W], in wet forest at high altitude, 1860 m, under a log, 10.01.1987, O. Vilalobos leg., W. R. Lourenço don.

Figure 18.

Chactas lepturus major Kraepelin, 1912, female holotype (A–B) [= Chactas major Kraepelin, 1912]. Chactas ozendai Lourenço, 1999, male holotype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Chactas reticulatus Kraepelin, 1912

(Fig. 19A–B) ♂ (ZMH-A0002124), Columbien [Columbia], [Antioquia], Angelopolis [6°06’41”N, 75°42’37”W], 1820 m alt., Otto Fuhrmann leg., ded. 10.1911.

(Fig. 19C–D) ♀ (ZMH-A0002124), same data as lectotype; 1 ♀, 1 subadult ♀, 1 juvenile (ZMH-A0003048), Columbien [Columbia], [Antioquia], La Camelia [6°06’00”N, 75°44’00”W], Otto Fuhrmann leg., 10.1911.

Kraepelin (1912b, 1914c) listed the type locality as “Angelopolis in der Zentralcordillere Kolombien, in 1820 Höhe, zusammen with Ch. lepturus major”. Accordingly, the lectotype was chosen among the specimens from this locality. The remaining syntypes are designated here as paralectotypes.

See paragraph on Chactas lepturus intermedius above.

Figure 19.

Chactas reticulatus Kraepelin, 1912, male lectotype (A–B), female paralectotype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Chactas setosus Kraepelin, 1912

1 ♂ (Fig. 20A–B), 1 ♀ (Fig. 20C–D, ZMH-A0003049), Venezuela, coll. V.1912, BMNH don.

Kraepelin (1912b) listed 13 specimens in the type series and the type locality as “Venezuela (Merida, Chama)”. He mentioned that the type material was housed in the British Museum. The two specimens in Hamburg are certainly part of this series. Sissom (2000) also mentioned five males and 13 females in the BMNH, and the two specimens in the ZMH collections.

Figure 20.

Chactas setosus Kraepelin, 1912, male syntype (A–B), female syntype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Teuthraustes amazonicus (Simon, 1880)

♂ (ZMH-A0002125), Peru, [Loreto], Pevas [3°19’58”S, 71°49’02”W], [M. Nathan leg.], E. Simon don., ded 12.1911.

According to Sissom (2000), three males from the type series are held at the MNHN.

Teuthraustes ohausi Kraepelin, 1912

♂ (ZMH-A0003060), Ecuador, [Loja], Catamayo [3°59’11”S, 79°21’32”W], 15.12.1902, Friedrich Ohaus leg.

Friedrich Ohaus (1864–1946) was a renowned entomologist who published more than 170 publications on beetles (Strube 2009). Although he was trained and worked as a medical doctor, he has held the interim administration of the Natural History Museum in Mainz in 1923–1924, and again in 1941 until his death in 1946. He joined several expeditions to South America as a ship’s doctor which allowed him to amass extensive material for his research (Nissen 1952). He visited Brazil (especially Petropolis) from August 1898 to March 1899, Ecuador from August 1904 to April 1906 (travelling over the Cordilleras from Rio Villano to Cururay and Napo to Iquitos and then down the Amazon to Para), and Brazil again in 1926 (São Paulo, Porto Epitacio, Itatiya). The collection date mentioned on the label (1902) is not congruent with the recorded dates of his trip to Ecuador and may be a lapsus.

Figure 21.

Chactas amazonicus Simon, 1880 [= Teuthraustes amazonicus (Simon, 1880)], male syntype (A–C). Teuthraustes ohausi Kraepelin, 1912, male holotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B), 5 mm (D–E), 1 mm (C, F).

Teuthraustes witti (Kraepelin, 1896)

(Fig. 22A–C) ♂ (ZMH-A0002182), Ecuador, Province Loja, Piscobamba [4°14’47”S, 79°17’56”W], 1893, Ernesto Witt leg., Walter, ded. 10.12.1895.

1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Fig. 22D–F), 1 subadult ♂, 1 juvenile (ZMH-A0001870), same data as lectotype.

One male is designated as lectotype, the remaining specimens are paralectotypes.

Figure 22.

Heterochactas wittii Kraepelin, 1896 [= Teuthraustes witti (Kraepelin, 1896)], male lectotype (A–C), female paralectotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (D–E), 5 mm (A–B, F), 1 mm (C).

Didymocentrus hasethi (Kraepelin, 1896)

♀ (ZMH-A0001201), Curaçao [12°10’54”N, 68°59’32”W], C. G. de Haseth leg., ded. 4.10.1895.

Francke (1978: 13) transfered Diplocentrus hasethi to the genus Didymocentrus.

C. G. de Haseth also collected insects, spiders, millipedes and crabs from Curaçao that he sent to the Hamburg Museum (Kraepelin 1909: IV).

Figure 23.

Diplocentrus hasethi Kraepelin, 1896 [= Didymocentrus hasethi (Kraepelin, 1896)], female holotype A dorsal aspect of habitus B ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861

1 ♂ (Fig. 24A–B, 2321), 1 ♀ (Fig. 24C–D, 2322) (ZMH-A000894), Irak, [Mendeli], Baghdad [33°20’26”N, 44°24’03”E], 1893 [Peterman leg.], Wilhelm Peters don. (ZMB).

Peters (1861a) described the genus Hemiscorpius. The first time the nominal species is cited in the text, it is incorrectly spelled as Hemiscorpion lepturus but we follow the modified spelling. Four syntypes (ZMB/Arach-43, two males, two females) are lodged in the ZMB collections.

Figure 24.

Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861, male syntype (A–B), female syntype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Hemiscorpius maindroni Kraepelin, 1900

1 ♀ (Fig. 25A–B), 1 ♀, 2 subadult ♂, 2 juveniles (ZMH-A000944), Oman, Mascat [Muscat] [23°35’02”N, 58°24’28”E], coll. 20.08.1900, MNHN (Paris) don.

Many additional syntypes are present in the MNHN collections. A lectotype may be chosen from this series as part of a future taxonomic review.

Hemiscorpius somalicus Lourenço, 2011

♂ (ZMH-A0001067), Somalia, [Bari], 5 km E of Meleden [Meeladeen] [10°25’59”N, 49°48’38”E] Road to Scusciuban, IV.1982, P. M. Brignoli leg.

Figure 25.

Hemiscorpius maindroni Kraepelin, 1900, female syntype (A–B). Hemiscorpius somalicus Lourenço, 2011, male holotype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B), 5 mm (C–D).

Heteroscorpion kaii Lourenço & Goodman, 2009

♀ (ZMH-A0002239), Madagascar, Toliara Province, Fort Dauphin Region, Grande Lavasoa (= Forêt de Lavasoa) (Tolagnora), estimated at 25.0833°S, 46.7417°E, 29.XI.2006, under bark, Kai Schütte leg. (ZMH Eing. Nr. A11/09).

Heteroscorpion opisthacanthoides (Kraepelin, 1896)

(Fig. 26C–D) juvenile ♂ (ZMH-A0001069), NE Madagascar [North-East Madagascar], Nossi Comba [Nosy Komba] [13°27’43”S, 48°20’54”E], Paul Frey leg., ded. 27.09.1895.

(Fig. 26A–B) ♀ (ZMH-A0001069), same as lectotype

Fet et al. (2000) listed the juvenile male as holotype and the female as the paratype. However, no specimen is clearly designated as the holotype in the original description. For reasons given above (see paragraph on Bothriurus burmeisteri Kraepelin, 1894), the male must be considered as lectotype and the female is a paralectotype.

Some general information about the travel and collecting made by Paul Frey in Madagascar are given in Brancsik (1893).

Figure 26.

Heteroscorpion opisthacanthoides Kraepelin, 1896, female paralectotype (A–B), juvenile male lectotype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Cheloctonus glaber Kraepelin, 1896

(Fig. 27A–C) ♀ (ZMH-A0000937), Deutsch SW Africa [Namibia], O. Schneider leg., ded. 04.07.1896.

1 subadult ♀, 2 juveniles (ZMH-A0003127), same data as lectotype.

Kraepelin (1896b: 135) mentioned 6 specimens (male and female) in the original description. He also pointed out that the species was collected in sympatry with the buthid Uroplectes triangulifer (Thorell, 1876). Only three specimens are currently registered in the ZMH collection and the status of the remaining specimens is unknown. They are also not present in the ZMB collections where some of Kraepelin’s types are deposited. The adult female is designated here as the lectotype and the remaining specimens are paralectotypes.

Hadogenes troglodytes (Peters, 1861)

♀ (ZMH-A0000919), Mozambique, [Tete Province], Tette [Tete] [16°09’23”S, 33°35’12”E], X.1913, ZMB don.

According to Peters original description, the type series comprises several specimens, both males and females. The specimen present at ZMH was donated by the Berlin Museum. Accordingly, the major part of the syntype series is currently located in the ZMB collection and comprises seven specimens: 2 juveniles (ZMB/Arach-44), 1 female (ZMB/Arach-2311), 1 male (ZMB/Arach-2313), 1 female (ZMB/Arach-2314), 1 female (ZMB/Arach-2315), and 1 juvenile (ZMB/Arach-2316).

Figure 27.

Cheloctonus glaber Kraepelin, 1896, female lectotype (A–C). Ischnurus troglodytes Peters, 1861 [= Hadogenes troglodytes (Peters, 1861)], female syntype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B), 20mm (D–E), 5 mm (F), 1 mm (C).

Hormurus boholiensis Kraepelin, 1914

(Fig. 28A–B) ♀, Philippines, [Central Visayas], Bohol [9°50’00”N, 124°10’00”E], 10.1863, ZMK 3938 [Carl Gottfried Semper leg.].

♀, same data as lectotype.

Kraepelin (1914d) mentioned that the two type specimens were poorly preserved: “Von dieser Arte liegen mir nur zwei schlecht erhaltene ♀ des Hamburger Museum vor.”. H. boholiensis was considered a junior synonym of Liocheles australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) by L. E. Koch (1977: 161). Monod (2011b) revalidated the species as Liocheles boholiensis (Kraepelin, 1914). Monod and Prendini (2015) subsequently removed the genus Hormurus from synonymy with Liocheles and confirmed the species boholiensis as belonging to Hormurus. The larger female of this series was designated as lectotype by Monod (2011b: 726)

Although not mentioned on the original labels, the specimens were probably collected by Carl Gottfried Semper (1832–1893), a German malacologist who obtained a Ph.D. degree at the University of Würzburg in 1856 and continued his studies in Kiel. An inheritance from his father allowed him to pay for a seven years trip to the Philippines and Palau (1858–1865) (Schuberg 1880). After returning to Germany, he was appointed lecturer (1866) and professor (1869) at the University of Würzburg. He visited Bohol in 1863, which corresponds to the collecting date of the two present specimens.

Hormurus waigiensis (Gervais, 1843) [synonymized by Kraepelin 1901e: 272]

Subadult ♀ (ZMH-A0002225), Australien [Australia], Brisbane [27°28’04”S, 153°01’41”E], coll. 1886, Museum Godeffroy (no. 244).

The specimen was almost certainly collected by Amalie Dietrich (1821–1891) who was collecting in Queendland on behalf of the Godeffroy estate from 1863 to 1872. She was the only woman ever hired for such a position. Dietrich collected extensively in the wider Brisbane region after her arrival but the exact locality data remain unknown.

Figure 28.

Hormurus boholiensis Kraepelin, 1914, female lectotype (A–B). Ischnurus caudicula L. Koch, 1867 [= Hormurus waigiensis (Gervais, 1843)], subadult female holotype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Hormurus karschii Keyserling, 1885 [synonymized by L. E. Koch, 1977: 173]

(Fig. 29A–B) ♀ (ZMH-A0002226), [Indonesia], [Maluku], Key Inseln [Kai Islands] [5°45’00”S, 132°43’30”E], Hugo Merton leg., ded. 2.11.1908.

(Fig. 29C–D) subadult ♂ (ZMH-A0002226), same data as lectotype.

The adult female is designated as the lectotype and the second specimen as the paralectotype.

Hugo Merton (1879–1940) was a German zoologist and Professor of Zoology at the University of Heidelberg. In 1907–1908, he conducted a zoological expedition to the Aroe and Kai Islands with Jean Roux (1876–1939), who was a Swiss zoologist from Basel (Roux 1910; Merton 1911). They travelled via Singapore and Java, finally arriving in Dobo in January 1908. They surveyed the Aru Islands for four months and the Kai Islands for another month (May–June). The present specimens were probably collected in 1908.

Figure 29.

Hormurus karschii keyensis Kraepelin, 1914 [= Hormurus karschii Keyserling, 1885], female lectotype (A–B), subadult male paralectotype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Hormurus neocaledonicus (Simon, 1877)

♀ (ZMH-A0000915), Neu Caledonien [New Caledonia], 20.08.1900, Bougier leg., MNHN don. (ZMH Eing. Nr. A27/03).

Fet (2000a) listed a holotype in the MNHN (Paris) and a paratype in the Hamburg collections. The holotype is considered lost by Monod (2011b: 743). The species Ischnurus neocaledonicus was recently removed from synonymy with Liocheles waigiensis (Monod, 2011b: 724) and is now part of the genus Hormurus, which was recently revalidated by Monod and Prendini (2015).

Morat (2010) listed Bougier as a colonisation officer in New Caledonia, where he collected plants for the Paris Museum.

Figure 30.

Ischnurus neocaledonicus Simon, 1877 [= Hormurus neocaledonicus (Simon, 1877)], female paratype, habitus A dorsal aspect B ventral aspect. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Hormurus papuanus Kraepelin, 1914

(Fig. 31A–C) ♂, [Papua New Guinea], SW Küste New Pommern [SW coast of New Britain], Liebliche Inseln [Arawe Islands] [6°06’07”S, 148°59’53”E], 11–12.12.1908, 05.01.1909, 26–31.01.1909, (2 T. under Steinen [2 specimens under rocks], 2 T. in moderndem Holz [two specimens in decaying logs]), Georg Duncker leg. (S40), Hamburg Südsee Expedition.

1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Fig. 31D–F), 5 ♀ , 4 subadult ♂, 2 subadult ♀, 7 juveniles, same data as lectotype; 1 ♂, [Papua New Guinea], New Pommern [New Britain], Möre Hafen [Kandrian] [6°11‘24”S, 149°32‘51”E], Unterlauf des Wasserfall-Fl. [downstream of waterfall], 13–14.XII.1908, 20–24.II.1909, Georg Duncker leg. (334), Hamburg Südsee-Expedition.

Kraepelin mentioned in the original description 23 specimens from Neu Pommern and Neu Guinea. Among this material, two specimens from Finschafen (Papua New Guinea mainland) belong to a different undescribed species and are thus not considered type specimens of H. papuanus. This new species will be described in a forthcoming paper about the genus Hormurus in Papua New Guinea (Monod et al. in prep). An additional specimen from Aru Islands was also mentioned in the original description but it is not considered here as a type. The type locality of species H. papuanus is thus restricted to the specimens collected on the SW coast of New Britain (Arawe Islands and Kandrian village).

Giltay (1931: 10) considered H. papuanus as a subspecies of H. caudicula, while L. E. Koch (1977: 173) regarded it as a junior synonym of Liocheles karschii (Keyserling, 1885). Monod (2000: 113) revalidated the species and designated lectotype and paralectotypes from this series. A complete redescription will be provided in the publication mentionned above (Monod et al. in prep).

(Paul) Georg (Egmont) Duncker (1870–1953) was a German zoologist and ichthyologist. He was employed by the Hamburg Zoological Museum in 1907 and became curator/professor in 1928. He was a member of the Hamburg Südsee-Expedition (1908–1910) in the Bismarck Archipelago and collected on behalf of the ZMH (Thilenius 1914).

Figure 31.

Hormurus papuanus Kraepelin, 1914, male lectotype (A–C), female paralectotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B, D–E), 2 mm (C, F).

Hormurus neocaledonicus (Simon, 1877) [synonymized by Monod 2011b: 723, 743]

1 ♂ (Fig. 32A–C, ZMH-A00001059), 1 ♀ (Fig. 32D–F, ZMH-A00001060), 1 female, 2 subadult ♀, 2 juveniles, New Caledonia, Northern Province, Tchalabel [20°24’00”S, 164°22’00”E], Fritz Sarasin leg., ded. 02.1913.

Most specimens of the type series are deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum zu Basel, Switzerland (NMB) (Forcart 1961). Lothar Forcart listed 34 specimens in the type catalogue. He designated a lectotype male and 33 paralecotypes (six males and 27 females). The seven ZMH specimens are therefore paralectotypes. Monod (2011b) considered H. sarasini as a junior synonym of H. neocaledonicus.

Karl Friedrich Sarasin (1859–1942) was a Swiss zoologist and explorer. Together with his cousin Paul Benedikt Sarasin (1856–1929), he led several expeditions in Sulawesi, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Sinai and Tunisia to collect botanical, ethnographical and zoological material. He travelled to New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands with Jean Roux in 1910–1912 (Sarasin 1931).

Figure 32.

Hormurus sarasini Kraepelin, 1914 [= Hormurus neocaledonicus (Simon, 1877)], male paralectotype (A–C), female paralectotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B, D–E), 1 mm (C, F).

Iomachus laeviceps Pocock, 1890

1 ♂, 1 ♀ (ZMH-A0000876), [India], [Western Ghats], [Tamil Nadu], Nilgiri Hills [11°15’10”N, 76°30’48”E], 1’000 feet [ca. 305 m], 6.06.1897, J. R. Henderson, BMNH don.

These specimens, listed by Weidner (1959: 101) as paratypes, are not part of the type series. Iomachus laeviceps was described from a series of specimens collected in Madras by E. Thurston. Pocock mentioned two specimens from Anamalai Hills, Coimbatore that he described later as Iomachus punctulatus (Pocock, 1897b). The two specimens here belong to the species I. laeviceps and are not part of either series, although they were donated to Kraepelin by the British Museum. The rest of the present series (one male, one female, four juveniles) is present in the BMNH collections.

Iomachus politus occidentalis Lourenço, 2003

♀ (ZMH-A0001083), Western Africa, Congo (Ex-Zaire) [Democratic Republic of the Congo], [Tshuapa], Befori [0°10’28”N, 22°22’52”E], 12.1963, C. Alluaud leg.

Liocheles australasiae (Sundevall, 1775) [synonymized by Monod 2011b: 726]

♀ (ZMH-A0000934), [Indonesia], Java, Buitenzorg [Bogor] [6°35’40”S, 106°47’21”E], Botanischer Garten [Botanical Garden], 21.01.1925, Hans Winkler leg.

Hans Winkler (1877–1945) was a German botanist who first coined the term «genome» from the combination of the words «gene» and «chromosome» (Winkler 1920). He travelled to Indonesia (Dutch East Indies at the time) in 1903/04 and worked in Bogor for several months. He subsequently became Professor at the University in Hamburg and Director of the Botanical Garden. In 1924–1925 he visited Indonesia a second time with the aim to collect material on behalf of his institute (Dammerman 1945). He arrived in Bogor in September 1924, departed for Borneo in late October 1924 (Winkler 1927a, b), and returned to Bogor in late Febuary 1925. He collected at Situ Gunong (S. slope of Gunung Gedeh) in Bogor.

Figure 33.

Iomachus politus occidentalis Lourenço, 2003, female holotype (A–B). Hormurus australasiae brevidigitatus Werner, 1936 [= Liocheles australasiae (Sundevall, 1775)], female holotype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Palaeocheloctonus pauliani Lourenço, 1996

1 ♂ (ZMH-A00001064), Madagascar Sud-Ouest [SW Madagascar], Province Tuléar, [Atsimo-Andrefana Region], Plateau Mahafaly, près de Behahitso [near Beahitse] [24°10’00”S, 44°26’00”E], 90m alt., zone à dolines [sinkhole area], haut fourré arbustif à Euphorbes et Didièréacées [vine and shrub thicket with Euphorbia and Didiereaceae], chasse à vue [on sight collecting], sous bois mort et pierres [under logs and stones], 01.1966, P. Griveaud leg. (ZMH Eing. A75/98).

The holotype and one paratype are deposited in the MNHN in Paris, and two additional paratypes are in the MHNG collections.

Figure 42.

Palaeocheloctonus pauliani Lourenço, 1996, male paratype, habitus A dorsal aspect B ventral aspect C retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B), 5 mm (C).

Heterometrus phipsonii (Pocock, 1893)

♂ (ZMH-A000939), Indien [India], BMNH don, ded. VI.1894.

Pocock (1893) reported several specimens from Madras, as well as one male from Madras and one female from Sheravoy Hills; both collected by Thurston. There is no evidence that the present specimen belongs to this material and we do not consider it part of the type series.

Figure 43.

Scorpio phipsonii Pocock, 1893 [= Heterometrus phipsonii (Pocock,1893)], male, habitus A dorsal aspect B ventral aspect. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Heterometrus thorellii (Pocock, 1892) [Synonymized by Couzijn 1981: 117 to Heterometrus bengalensis (C. L. Koch, 1841), removed from synonymy by Kovařík (2004: 44)]

1 ♂ (Fig. 44A–B), 1 ♀ (Fig. 44C–D, ZMH-A0002219), [Myanmar], [Bago Region], Indien?, Tharrawaddy [17°39’14”N, 95°47’17”E], VI.1897, Eugene William Oates leg., BMNH don.

Pocock described Palamnaeus thorelli based on a large series of specimens collected by E. W. Oates in several regions of Burma (now Myanmar) (Pocock 1892: 39 “…..literally many hundred examples of a species of Palamnaeus…”). The syntypes in the ZMH are a gift from the BMNH. According to Fet (2000c), only five syntypes (two males, three females) are located in the BMNH, but it is likely that more material is present at the BMNH.

Eugene William Oates (1845–1911) was an English naturalist, mostly interested in birds. In 1867, he was hired by the Public Works Department in India and sent to Burma where he remained until 1899, returning twice to England in the meantime (1881–1883, 1888–1890) (Anonymous 1912). During his time in Burma, he made large zoological collections, mostly of birds, that were later acquired by the British Museum.

Figure 44.

Palamneus thorellii Pocock, 1892 [= Heterometrus bengalensis (C. L. Koch, 1841)], male syntype (A–B), female syntype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Heterometrus ubicki Kovařík, 2004.

♀ (ZMH-A0000945), India, Pondichery, Kāraikāl [10°55’00”N, 79°50’00”E], 10.2003–05.2004, T.R.S.N. leg., F. Kovařík leg.

The original type series was deposited in František Kovařík’s personal collection (FKCP) and the California Academy of Science (CAS). The present paratype was donated to the ZMH by Kovařík from his private collection.

Figure 45.

Heterometrus ubicki Kovarik, 2004, female paratype, habitus A dorsal aspect B ventral aspect. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Opistophthalmus adustus Kraepelin, 1908

(Fig. 46C–D) ♀ (ZMH-A0000910), Deutsch Südwestafrika [Namibia], Friedrich Fülleborn leg., ded. 04.1908.

(Fig. 46A–B) ♂ (ZMH-A0000910), same data as lectotype.

The specimens were designated lectotype and paralectotype respectively by Lamoral (1979: 675).

Friedrich Georg Hans Heinrich Fülleborn (1866–1933) was a medical doctor from West Prussia (now Poland) who specialized in tropical medicine and parasitology. From 1896 onwards, he was a military physician assigned to the Schutztruppe in German East Africa (now Namibia) (Leipoldt 2006). In 1898–1900, he participated in the Nyassa- und Kingagebirgs Expedition to the southern part of the colony where he conducted anthropological and ethnographic research (Fülleborn 1906; J.W.G. 1907). In 1901, he returned to Germany and was appointed Director of the Department of Tropical Hygiene and Tropical Medicine at the Hamburg Institute for Marine and Tropical Diseases.

Figure 46.

Opistophthalmus adustus Kraepelin, 1908, male paralectotype (A–B), female lectotype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Opistophthalmus latimanus C. L. Koch, 1841 [synonymized by Purcell 1899: 159–161]

♀ (ZMH-A00001867), Südafrika, Museum Godeffroy (2248).

The holotype could not be examined nor photographed as it was on loan at the time of writing. The data provided here were taken from Weidner (1959) and Fet (2000c). Prendini (2001: 29) confirmed the synonymy of O. calvus with O. latimanus after examination of the present holotype.

Opistophthalmus crassimanus Purcell, 1899

1 ♂ (Fig. 47A–B), 1 ♀ (Fig. 47C–D), 1 ♀, 1 subadult ♀, 1 juvenile (ZMH-A0001086, ZMH-A0001087, ZMH-A0001088), [South Africa], Cape Colony [Northern Cape], Namaqualand [Namakwa District], Jackals Water [Jakkalswater near Springbok] [29°38’19”S, 17°48’29”E], 02.1897, M. Rudolf Schlechter leg.

A complete revision of the genus Opistophthalmus is being prepared (Prendini in prep.) and we decided not to designate lectotype and paralectotype among the type specimens in order to avoid interferencing with this ongoing project.

Rudolf Schlechter (1872–1925) was a German botanist who wrote several works on orchids. He collected more than 12 thousands botanical specimens in South Africa between 1891 and 1898 (Jessop 1964).

Figure 47.

Opistophthalmus crassimanus Purcell, 1899, male syntype (A–B), female syntype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Opistophthalmus fossor Purcell, 1898

1 ♂ (Fig. 48A–B), 1 ♀ (Fig. 48C–D) (ZMH-A0000935), [South Africa], Cap Colonie [Western Cape], Worcester division, Schlanghoek [Slanghoek] [33°38’00”S, 19°12’00”E], [R. Francke leg.], F. Purcell don., ded. 27.12.1898.

Among the type material, Purcell (1898) listed two males and two females from Schlanghoek. The specimens in the ZMH are part of this series and the remaining specimens are in the South African Museum (Cape Town).

Figure 48.

Opistophthalmus fossor Purcell, 1898, male syntype (A–B), female syntype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Opistophthalmus fuscipes Purcell, 1898

1 ♂ (Fig. 49A–B), 1 ♀ (Fig. 49C–D) (ZMH-A0001865), [South Africa], Kapland [Western Cape], Tulbagh Division, near the railway station [33°19’13”S, 19°05’59”E] Tulbagh Road at the foot of the Waterfall Mountains, F. Purcell leg.

Purcell (1899: 149–150) considered O. fuscipes as a subspecies of Opistophthalmus capensis (Herbst, 1800). Prendini (2001) subsequently highlighted consistent diagnostic differences between the two taxa and thus reinstated O. fuscipes as a species. Prendini (2001) also designated lectotype and paralectotype from the syntype series housed in the SAMC collection but did not cite the present specimens. Purcell (1898) mentioned that numerous specimens were part of the type series without giving a precise number. Given that the data of the present specimens match that of the original description, they are considered as paralectotypes.

Figure 49.

Opistophthalmus fuscipes Purcell, 1898, 1 male (A–B), female (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Opistophthalmus granicauda Purcell, 1898

♂ (ZMH-A0000929), [South Africa], [Northern Cape], Namaqualand, Port Nolloth [29°15’06”S, 16°52’10”E], F. Purcell leg., ded. 27.XII.1898.

Purcell (1898) listed 12 specimens (11 males, 1 female) from Port Nolloth which form the type series. This series is held by the SAMC and the present specimen was donated to the ZMH from this material.

Opistophthalmus intercedens Kraepelin, 1908

1 juvenile (ZMH-A0002215), [Namibia], Kl. Namaland, [Karas Region], Kubub [26°44‘00“S, 16°17‘00“E], Leonhard Schultze leg., ded 06.1907.

Kraepelin (1908d) mentioned two juveniles and a subadult female as type specimens. A female and one juvenile are present in the ZMB collections and these were designated as lectotype (ZMB/Arach-14973) and paralectotype (ZMB/Arach-14973) by Lamoral (1979: 723).

Leonhard Sigmund Schultze (1872–1955) was a German ethnologist and zoologist. He led a major expedition to Namibia in 1903–1905 (Schultze 1907) and between March and May 1904. The party visited the area between Angra Pequena and Kubub (Schultze 1907, 1908 [see map]; also see Harms and Dupérré 2018 for details). After returning to Germany, he was Director of the Museum of Ethnology from 1913 to 1937.

Figure 50.

Opistophthalmus granicauda Purcell, 1898, male paralectotype (A–B). Opistophthalmus intercedens Kraepelin, 1908, juvenile paralectotype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Opistophthalmus karrooensis Purcell, 1899

1 ♂, 1 ♀ (ZMH-A0001866), [South Africa], Cap-Kolonie [Northern Cape], Little Bushmanland [29°34’12.8”S, 18°30’58.6”E], 27.11.1898, F. Purcell leg.

The types could not be examined nor photographed as they were on loan at the time of writing. Fet (2000c) only listed specimens in the SAMC (62 syntypes) and none in the ZMH. Prendini (2001) designated lectotype and paralectotypes from a series of 129 specimens in the SAMC. The locality data mentioned by Fet (2000c) and Prendini (2001) do not correspond to the data of the present specimens which are thus probably not types. Prendini also confirms that he does not consider these specimens as type (pers. comm.).

Opistophthalmus keilandsi Hewitt, 1914 [elevated to species status by Prendini, 2001: 27]

1 ♂ (Fig. 51A–B), 1 ♀ (Fig. 51C–D) (ZMH-A0000911), [South Africa], Kapland, Eastern Cape Colony [Eastern Cape], Keilands [32°11’00”S, 27°30’00”E], Oestl. [to the East], 01.1913, J. Hewitt leg. (no 1728), ded. 06.1914.

Hewitt (1914) listed one male and three females collected in “Keilands near Tsomo C.P., Rev. Fr. Albert Schweiger coll., Fr. P. Boneberg leg. (to the Albany Museum)”. The locality of the ZMH specimens matches that of the types. According to the label, they were donated by Hewitt, the original author. However, four specimens (one female, three males) are present in the collections of the Albany Museum and have been designated as lectotype and paralectotypes by Prendini (2001: p.47). The ZMH specimens may have been gifted by Hewitt but do not appear to be types, contra Weidner (1959).

Figure 51.

Opistophthalmus keilandsi Hewitt, 1914, male (A–B), female (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Opistophthalmus leipoldti Purcell, 1898 [relegated as a subspecies of O. capensis by Hewitt 1918: 113, elevated to species status by Prendini 2001: 31]

1 ♂ (Fig. 52A–B), 1 ♀(Fig. 52C–D), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 subadult ♀ (ZMH-A0000916), [South Africa], Cap Colonie [Western Cape], Clanwilliam [32°10’54”S, 18°53’31”E], 27.12.1895, C. L. Leipoldt leg., F. Purcell don.

Purcell (1898) listed 21 specimens (4 males, 6 females, 11 juveniles) from Clanwilliam in the type series located in the South African Museum (Cape Town). The ZMH specimens are a gift to the Hamburg Museum but they are probably not part of the original series as explained by Prendini (2001). One lectotype male and 20 paralectotypes (three males, four females, one subadult male, four subadult females and eight juveniles) from the series of syntypes held at the SAMC were designated by Prendini (2001: 31). Given that the number of specimens at the SAMC matches the original data by Purcell, it is doubtfull that the five ZMH specimens are types (Prendini 2001: 47).

Figure 52.

Opistophthalmus leipoldti Purcell, 1898, male (A–B), female (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Opistophthalmus pictus Kraepelin, 1894

4 ♀ (ZMH-A0000912), [South Africa], Oranje-Freistaat [Freestate], Reddersburg [29°39’10”S, 26°10’03”E], H. Meyer leg., ded. 30.04.1887.

Kraepelin (1894) reported eight specimens in the type series: seven from Reddersburg in the ZMH collections and one from Cape Town in the Natural History Museum of Denmark, Kopenhagen (ZMUC). Prendini (2001) reported seven syntype specimens and designated one female lectotype (ZMB/Arach-7186) in the ZMB, four females paralectotypes in the ZMH (the specimens listed here), one female paralectotype in the BMNH, and one female paralectotype in the ZMUC.

The possible collector is Hans Meyer (1858–1929) who was a German geographer and the first European to reach the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro in 1889. Meyer traveled extensively in eastern Africa but we are not sure if he also traveled to southern Africa.

Figure 53.

Opistophthalmus pictus Kraepelin 1894, female paralectotype, habitus A dorsal aspect B ventral aspect. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Opistophthalmus flavescens Purcell, 1898 [synonymized by Prendini 2001: 24]

Data according to the original description: 1 ♀, Südwestafrika [German South West Africa = Namibia], [Karas Region], Lüderitzbucht [Lüderitz Bay] [26°38’58”S, 15°10’03”E], 30–40 km im Umkreis Dünen [30–40 km within sand dunes], Eberlanz leg., entry number 44 (1929); 1 ♀, Deutsch-Südwestafrika [German South West Africa=Namibia], Prof. Dr. Griess leg., entry number 18 (1929).

The syntype series was lost during a plane crash when the material loaned to B. H. Lamoral was sent back to Hamburg (label in jar from H. Dastych: “B. H. Lamoral 18.XI.1974; Das ganze Material ist verloren, 1975. Das Flugzeug ist abgestürzt”). Lamoral and Reynders (1975: 563) established Opisthophthalmus werneri as a replacement name for O. pilosus Werner, 1936 wich is a junior homonym of O. pilosus C. L. Koch, 1838. Prendini (2001: see p.24 for details) later demonstrated that O. werneri is a junior synonym of Opisthophthalmus flavescens Purcell, 1898.

Opistophthalmus schultzei Kraepelin, 1908

1 ♀ (Fig. 54A–B), 2 ♀ (ZMH-A0000913), 2 subadult ♂ (ZMH-A0002216), [Namibia], Gross Namaland, [Karas Region], Kubub [26°44’00”S, 16°17’00”E], 06.1907, Leonhard Schultze leg., ZMB.

Kraepelin (1908d) mentioned numerous specimens (male, female and juveniles). The bulk of the original series is deposited in the ZMB, and specimens were donated to the Albany Museum (Grahamstown, South Africa) and to the ZMH. Lectotype (1 female) and paralectotype (1 male) were designated by Lamoral (1979: 750) from the syntype series in the ZMB. Fet (2000c: 463) listed material in Berlin and Albany as well as 6 paralectotypes (2 males, 4 females) in Hamburg. Prendini (2001: 40) examined 25 specimens in the ZMB [one lectotype female, one subadult male paralectotype (ZMB14988); three subadult males paralectotypes (ZMB14989); 4 females, one subadult male, one subadult female, two juvenile females, eight first instars paralectotypes (ZMB14990); two females paralectotypes (ZMB14991); one subadult male paralectotype (ZMB14992); one female paralectotype (ZMB14996)] and two in the AMGS [one female and one subadult male paralectotypes]. There is a discrepancy between the number and sexes of specimens listed by Prendini (2001) and the online catalogue of the ZMB [19 specimens in total: one subadult female (ZMB/Arach-14988a lectotype); one male, one subadult female, one juvenile male (ZMB/Arach-14988b–c, paralectotypes), three males (ZMB/Arach-14989, paralectotypes); eight females and one juvenile (ZMB/Arach-14990, paralectotypes); two males (ZMB/Arach-14991, paralectotypes); one male (ZMB/Arach-14992, paralectotype)].

See paragraph about Opisthophthalmus intercedens Kraepelin, 1908 above.

Opistophthalmus schultzei Kraepelin, 1908 [synonymized by Lamoral 1979: 745]

1 ♂ (Fig. 54C–D), 3 ♂ (ZMH-A0001070), [Namibia], Gross Namaland, [Karas Region], Kubub [26°44’00”S, 16°17’00”E], 06.1907, Leonhard Schultze leg., ZMB.

Kraepelin (1908d) mentioned numerous specimens (males, females and juveniles). However, while the bulk of the type series is deposited in the ZMB, four specimens of the type series were gifted to the ZMH. According to Lamoral (1979), 2 syntypes should be deposited in the ZMB. Fet (2000c: 463) listed 21 syntypes in the Berlin collection and one in the AM (a gift from Berlin) but none in Hamburg. Prendini (2001: 40) examined 17 syntypes from the ZMB [14 males (ZMB14993), two males (ZMB14995), one male (ZMB 14997)] and one syntype male from the AMGS. He also (Prendini 2001: 48) mentioned in a footnote the existence of three additional specimens from the type series in the ZMB [two males (ZMB14994); one male (ZMB14996)] and four in the ZMH. Currently, the online catalogue of the ZMB reports 20 syntypes [2 males, 12 non-sexed specimens (ZMB/Arach-14993), 2 males (ZMB/Arach-14994), 2 males (ZMB/Arach-14995), 1 male (ZMB/Arach-14996), 1 male (ZMB/Arach-14997)].

See paragraph about Opisthophthalmus intercedens Kraepelin, 1908 above.

Figure 54.

Opistophthalmus schultzei Kraepelin, 1908, female paralectotype (A–B). Opistophthalmus undulatus Kraepelin, 1908 [= Opistophthalmus schultzei Kraepelin, 1908], male syntype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Pandinurus gregoryi (Pocock, 1896)

1 ♀ (ZMH-A0000941), [Kenya], [Taita Taveta], S. W. Tzavo [Tsavo] [2°59’52”S, 38°27’30”E], [04–05.1893], John Walter Gregory leg., BMNH don., ded. 06.1897.

Pocock (1896) listed a female from «Kinani», a female from «Tanganyko (confluence of the Athi River)», and six specimens (two males, three females and a juvenile) from Tzavo. The present specimen is part of the material collected in Tzavo and was donated by the BMNH, the other specimens remain in London.

John Walter Gregory (1864–1932) was a British geologist and explorer who studied glacial geology and geography and geology of Australia and East Africa. He led the first scientific expedition to Mount Kenya in 1902–3 (Gregory 1896). The crew reached the foothills of the mountain from the coast to Lake Baringo in the Rift Valley, and managed to ascend as far as the glaciers area at around 4730 m. When traveling from Mombasa to Machakos, Gregory stopped at Tzavo station sometime between April and May 1893. There he collected most of the type material (Gregory 1896: 74): “In company with the Goanese commandant I spent a pleasant afternoon catching lizard and scorpions, and digging up the skulls of some Wa-kamba who had been killed by the Masai”.

Pandinurus pallidus (Kraepelin, 1894)

1 subadult ♂ (ZMH-A0001872), [Indonesia], Baravez, Sumatra, 02.03.1891, Putre leg. Corrected after Pocock (1896) to “Somalia, [Lower Shabeelle], Barawa [1°06’30”N, 43°50’41”E]” (see below).

2 juveniles (ZMH-A0000938), same data as lectotype.

Kraepelin (1894) mentioned four specimens in the type series. According to Pocock (1896: 435), the handwritten labels were incorrectly deciphered by Kraepelin and should be interpreted as “Barawa, Somalia” instead of “Baravez, Sumatra”. Upon examination of the labels, we agree with Pocock conclusion. Moreover, the genus Pandinurus is exclusively African, and Sumatra is completely out of its distribution area. The ZMH series comprises three animals and the additional specimen may be lost or may have been donated to another museum. The subadult male is designated as the lectotype, the other two specimens as paralectotypes.

Two potential collectors were identified here for these specimens: Johann Maria Hildebrandt (1847–1881) and Gustav Adolf Fischer (1848–1886). Hildebrandt was a German explorer and scientist. From 1871 to 1881 he made several expeditions to the Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes during which he amassed important collections of botanical and zoological specimens (Beentje 1998). A new species of skink, Trachypelpis hildebrandtii (Peters, 1874), was named after him based on material he collected in Barawa, Somalia (Peters 1874). A large part of his zoological collection is deposited in the ZMB. Fischer (See paragraph about Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) fischeri Kraepelin, 1911 above for biographical details) also prospected in Barawa (1882–1883) and enlisted the services of local people to collect for him (Fischer, 1885c). At least a second scorpion species named after him, Uroplectes fischeri (Karsch, 1879), was described from the material that were collected back then. Fischer’s zoological material is at least in part housed in the collections of the ZMH and it is thus more probable that the types of P. pallidus were collected by Fischer rather than Hildebrandt.

Figure 55.

Scorpio gregoryi Pocock, 1896 [= Pandinurus gregoryi (Pocock, 1896)], female syntype (A–B). Scorpio pallidus Kraepelin, 1894 [= Pandinurus pallidus (Kraepelin, 1894)], 1 subadult male syntype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Pandinus imperator (C. L. Koch, 1841) [synonymized by Prendini 2016: 53]

(Fig. 56) ♂ (Fig. 56A–B, ZMH-A0001082), Cameroon, Regions of Sanguéré-Djoi/Kismatari/Djalingo (average coordinates: 9°23.229’N, 13°50.068’E), 08.2011–11.2012, cotton and tomato fields (in termite mounds), P. Prudent leg. PS-0165-G1 (ZMH Eing. Nr. A19/14).

1 subadult ♂, 2 juveniles, same as holotype (ZMH Eing, Nr. A20/14).

Two paratypes are deposited in the MNHN (Lourenço 2014b).

Figure 56.

Pandinus camerounensis Lourenço, 2014, male holotype, habitus A dorsal aspect B ventral aspect. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Scorpio yemenensis Werner, 1936 [raised to species-level by Lourenço and Cloudsey-Thompson 2009: 125]

♂ (Fig. 57A–B, ZMH-A000931), Arabien, Yemen, Sanaa [15°21’17”N, 44°12’24”E], 26.08.1931, Carl Rathjens leg. (ZMH Eing. Nr. 38.1932).

9 ♂, 17 ♀, 9 subadult ♂, 5 subadult ♀, 13 juveniles (ZMH-A0002213); 1 ♀ (Fig. 57C–D, ZMH-A000932), same data as lectotype.

Werner (1936) provided the locality name and date as “Arabien, Yemen, Huka, Hazz, 1–7.1928, Eing. No. 36, 1928”. Weidner (1959) stated the same locality and a total of 55 specimens (one holotype and 54 paratypes). Although the number of specimens matches that of the series examined, the locality is different from that stated on the label in the jar. However, Huka/Haz are two villages in the Sanaa governorate, so it is possible that Werner have more detailed information on Rathjens travel itinerary. According to the ICZN, a lectotype male is designated here and the remaining specimens as paralectotypes.

Carl August Rathjens (1887–1966) was a German geographer with a special interest in South Arabian historiography, geology and ethnography. He travelled to Yemen in 1927, 1931, 1934 and 1938 (Anonymous 1970).

Figure 57.

Scorpio yemensis Werner, 1936, male lectotype (A–B), female paralectotype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Scorpio occidentalis Werner, 1936 [elevated to species rank by Lourenço 2009: 103]

♂ (ZMH-A0000895), Senegal, [Kédougou], Parc National du Niokolo-Kola [Niokolo-Koba National Park] [13°00’27”N, 12°54’52”W], 11.1979, P. M. Brignoli leg. (ZMH Eing. Nr. A8/09).

Werner (1936) described the species from “Senegal, Wüstengebiet nördlich des Oberen Gambia” and Weidner (1959) listed the male holotype as lost (“verbrannt”). The original type was destroyed in 1943 according to Fet (2000c). Lourenço (2009) elevated the subspecies occidentalis to species level and designated a neotype.

Figure 58.

Scorpio occidentalis Werner, 1936, male neotype, habitus A dorsal aspect B ventral aspect. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Scorpio savanicola Lourenço, 2009

(Fig. 59A–B) 1 ♂ (ZMH-A0000942), Cameroon, [North Region], South of Garoua [9°18’05”N, 13°23’51”E], savannah formation, 10.1981, P. M. Brignoli leg. (ZMH Eing. Nr. A10/09).

1 ♀ (Fig. 59C–D), 1 subadult ♀ (ZMH-A0000897), same data as holotype (ZMH Eing. Nr. A9/09).

Figure 59.

Scorpio savanicola Lourenço, 2009, male holotype (A–B), female paratype (C–D): A, C dorsal aspect of habitus B, D ventral aspect of habitus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Scorpiops afghanus Lourenço & Qi, 2006

(Fig. 60A–B) ♀ (ZMH-A0002212), Afghanistan, [Badakhshan Province], [Wākhān District], Valley of Vakhan, W of Langar [37°02’08”N, 73°49’00”E], E of Panjeh [Qal‘ah-ye Panjah] [37°00’02”N, 72°34’50”E], 3400m, 4.VI.1971, C. Naumann and E. Kullmann leg.

2 juveniles (ZMH-A0002211), same data as holotype

Clas Michael Naumann zu Königsbruck (1939–2004) was a Professor of Zoology at the University of Bonn and director of the Museum Alexander König in Bonn. His main interest was the biogeography of Afghanistan where he traveled extensively. Ernst Kullmann (1931–1996) was a German arachnologist and director of the Cologne Zoological Garden. The travel route of the “deutschen zoologish-botanischen Expedition 1971”, in which Naumann and Kullman took part, is presented in the map of Naumann and Niethammer (1973: map p. 239).

Scorpiops hardwickii (Gervais, 1843) [synonymized by Kovařík 2000: 174]

♂ (ZMH-A0001203), Himalaya, Henri de Saussure (MHNG) don., ded. 06.1896.

The specimen in the ZMH was designated as the lectotype by Kovařík (2000: 176). Kraepelin (1898a) apparently examined more than one specimen because he reported a number of pectinal teeth between five and seven, whereas the present male has six teeth on each pectine. In the absence of the other syntypes, we agree with Kovařík’s assessment.

Adolphe (1829–1857), Hermann (1826–1882) and Robert Schlagintweit (1833–1885) were German explorers who regularly sent zoological specimens collected during their travels to Henri de Saussure (1829–1905). In 1854, the brotherhood was commissioned by the East India Company to organize a scientific expedition in their territory. For the next three years, they explored the Deccan, and then the Himalayas, Karakoram and Kuen-lun Mountains (Schalgintweit, Schlagintweit and Schlagintweit 1861). The present specimen was probably collected during this expedition.

Figure 60.

Scorpiops afghanus Lourenço & Qi, 2006, female holotype (A–C). Scorpiops affinis Krapelin, 1898 [= Scorpiops hardwickii (Gervais, 1843)], male lectotype (D–F): A, D dorsal aspect of habitus B, E ventral aspect of habitus C, F retrolateral aspect of chela illustrating dentate margins of fingers. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–B), 5 mm (D–E), 1 mm (C), 0.5 mm (F).

Scorpiops dastychi Kovařík, 1999

(Fig. 61A–C) ♂ (ZMH-A0001062), India, [Uttarakhand], Himalaya, Molta [30°28’52”N, 79°32’23”E], 3000m, 06.05.1956 (ZMH 11, batch no. 386), Deutsche Indien-Expedition 1955–57, G. A. von Maydell leg. (ZMH Eing. Nr 1, 1956).